Chapter 9 - The Digestive System

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Rugae

Folds in an organ that allow organ to expand and contract

Enteric/Enteral

Pertaining to the small intestines

Duodenum

1st segment of the small intestines

Jejunum

2^nd segment of the small intestines

ILEUM

3rd segment of small intestine

Large Intestine a.k.a. Colon

Pertaining to the large intestine

Saliva

fluid that has enzymes, neutralize acids, moistens food, lubricates the mouth

Sublingual

Pertaining to below the tongue

Bile

Fluid produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder and secreted into the duodenum

Hepatic

Pertaining to the liver

Gallbladder

Sac/receptacle on the inferior surface of the liver for storing bile

Bowel(s) - Small/Large bowel

The intestine, large or small

• Small intestine

• Large intestines or colon

Digestion

Food broken down into smaller, absorbable molecules

• mechanical/chemical digestive processes

• i.e. chewing -mechanical

• i.e. saliva -chemical

Gastroenterology

Medical specialty of the stomach and intestines

Intestine

The digestive tube from the stomach to the anus

Peritoneum

A double-layered membrane lining the abdominal cavity

Crown

Portion of a tooth above the gumline; covered by enamel

Hernia

Protrusion of a structure through the tissue that normally contains it 

Hiatal Hernia

A part of the stomach protrudes up through the diaphragm into the chest cavity

Perforation

An erosion that progresses through all the layers of the digestive tract and becomes a hole

Cleft Palate

A congenital opening or split in the palate

Halitosis

Bad odor of the breath

Stomatitis

Inflammation/infection of the mouth

Dysphagia

Difficulty in swallowing

Dyspepsia A.K.A Indigestion

Difficult digestion; “upset stomach,”; may include epigastric pain, nausea, and gas

Emesis

Vomit

Hematemesis

Vomiting of blood

Gastroenteritis

Inflammation/infection of the stomach and small intestine

Pyloric Stenosis

Abnormal narrowing of the pyloric sphincter; congenital defect impedes flow of food into small intestine

• causing frequent emesis

Pyrosis

A sensation of painful burning of the stomach/epigastric area

Regurgitation

The backwards flow of the stomach contents into the mouth

Malabsorption

Inadequate absorption of nutrients from the gut into the blood

Colitis

Inflammation of the large intestine (colon)

Constipation

Bowels that are infrequent, hard and difficult to pass

Diverticulitis

Inflammation and/or infection of diverticulaVolvulus

Volvulus

A torsion (twisting) of the intestine around itself

Hemorrhoid

A dilated vein in the wall of the anal canal, produces painful anal swelling and potential bleeding

Anal Fissure

A tear in the tissue lining of the anus

Fistula

An abnormal, tube-like passageway that connects two body structures; due to trauma or inflammation/infection

Cirrhosis

A chronic, progressive liver disease that is characterized by fibrosis of the liver

Calculi

Small mineral stones, such as gallstones or kidney/renal stones

Gallstones

Mineral stones that form in the gallbladder or bile duct

Choledocholithiasis

Presence of gallstones in the common bile duct

Cholelithiasis

Condition of having gallstones

Caries

Bacterial destruction of teeth

Periodontal

Pertaining to around a tooth

Digital Rectal Exam

The palpation of the rectum and prostate with a gloved finger inserted into the anus.

Bariatrics

Treatment of obesity

Enema

An injection of fluid into the rectum to cause the passage of hard fecal matter

Colostomy

Artificial opening from the colon to the surface of the abdomen

Gastroscope

Endoscope for examining the inside of the stomach

Laparoscopy

Examination of the contents of the abdomen using an endoscope

Stoma

A surgically created opening (hole)