2.2-2.3a APUSH Flashcards

French’s Expansion into North America

-Greater interest in trade than conquest (like lucrative trade in American fish + furs)

-(1608) Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec, first permanent French settlement in North America, aiding Huron on their raid on Haudenosaunee, ensuring victory + new ally

-French policy urged Catholic priests to migrate to NW, but not French Protestants (Huguenots)

Dutch Expansion into North America

-Goals were mainly economic, the Protestant Dutch made no pretense of bringing religion to American Indians in the region

-Mohawk Indians and Haudenosaunee traded beaver furs for European goods, like guns

-Established New Amsterdam on New Manhattan Island, devolping a rep. government, greater equality for women, and religious toleration (grew tensions with Algonquins due to expansion in their land) → Surrendered New Amsterdam to England

Spanish Expansion into North America

-Returned with a greater military force due to limited resources to protect northern and eastern frontiers

-Pueblo Indians accepted Spanish efforts to colonize New Mexico b/c they feared military reprisals, weakened by disease and drought, and struggled against raids of Apache and Navajo tribes

-Relations worsened w/ Pueblo Indians after failure of protecting and providing for them

Pueblo Revolt

-Pueblo people were punished for returning back to traditional religious customs, among them being Pope, the man who led the Pueblo Revolt resulting in a series of burning crops and destroying Catholic churches and farms

-No immediate Spanish counterattack after Spanish flee to Mexico, although they return to reconquer parts of New Mexico and eventually crushing Pueblo resistance

-Pueblo refugees strengthened other indigenous tribes by teaching them how to grow corn, etc.

-Franciscan priests improve relations w/ Pueblo by allowing them to retain more indigenous practices

Economic causes of English colonization

The economic causes of English colonization were driven by the pursuit of wealth, trade opportunities, and the need for resources, significantly influencing the establishment of colonies in the New World.

Joint Stock Company/Virginia Company

-Investors purchased shares that could raise large amounts of money quickly (if venture failed, investor would not suffer the whole loss)

-London merchants founded the Virginia Company in 1606

-King James I granted them right to settle a vast area of North America from present-day NY to NC

-Captain John Smith comes from Virginia Company

Powhatan Confederacy

-Helped Jamestown settlers survive through easy defense, even though Jamestown was established on land controlled by Chief Powhatan of Algonquian-speaking peoples tribe

-Distrustful relationship despite assistance in trade affairs to settlers

-Chief Powhatan captures and releases Captain John Smith to assert dominance

Tobacco’s Role in English Colonization

-Instead of military aggression that saved the English, it was tobacco

-Grown in West Indies and South America, selling well to European markets

-Increased tensions due to growing tobacco on Native Americans’ land

Headright System

-Created by the Virginia Company to reward those who imported laborers with land

House of Burgesses

-The second branch of the General Assembly of Virginia

-Members could make and levy taxes

-Sought to recruit more female settlers to increase population → brought in more indentured servants and the first Africans to be enslaved in Virginia

Maryland’s Act of Religious Tolerance

-Governor Calvert of Maryland passed this 1649 act to grant religious freedom to all Christians

Slave Code

-Adopted by Carolina colony

-Law restricted enslaved persons’ rights, largely due to fear of rebellion from slaveholders

-Defined slavery as inherited based on racial identity

Bacon’s Rebellion

-Nathaniel Bacon led an uprising against Governor Berkeley in Colonial Virginia due to economic hardships and lack of support from the government in expanding westward into Native American territories, due to Berkeley wanting to keep peaceful relations

-Offered free, indentured, and enslaved Black people who rebelled greater freedoms and opportunities

What role did slavery play in the sugar plantations of the West Indies

Tobacco prices were falling → Growing sugarcane and refining it into sugar was hard → Led to the dependence of slavery (EX: Barbados systematized its slave code to help legally enforce slavery in the British West Indies)