Natural Science (group)

Cerebrum

Controls voluntary actions and processes thinking, sensing, and decision‑making.

Cerebellum

Coordinates movement, maintains posture and balance, controls muscle tone; additionally involved in motor learning, emotional regulation, and visual‑spatial processing.

Brain Stem

Regulates vital functions like breathing and heart rate, supports balance, coordination, and reflexes.

Frontal Lobe

Controls thinking, emotions, personality, decision‑making, problem‑solving, movement, and speech production.

Cerebral Cortex

Handles thinking, memory, senses, language, and most importantly, decision‑making.

Parietal Lobe

Regulates sensory information and spatial awareness.

Occipital Lobe

Primarily responsible for interpreting visual information.

Temporal Lobe

Processes auditory information and aids in memory and language comprehension.

Central Sulcus

A groove separating the frontal and parietal lobes; divides the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex.

Corpus Callosum

Thick band of nerve fibers connecting left and right hemispheres; enables communication between them.

Pineal Gland

Produces melatonin, which regulates the sleep‑wake cycle, responds to light and darkness, and influences seasonal body rhythms.

Medulla Oblongata

Regulates autonomic functions like heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and reflexes such as swallowing, coughing, and sneezing.

Mamillary Body

Supports recollective memory and spatial navigation, especially retrieving location- and event-related memories.

Pons

Relays signals between the brain and spinal cord; helps control breathing, sleep, and facial movements.

Pituitary Gland

Master gland producing hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, stress response, reproduction, water balance, lactation, blood pressure, and controls other endocrine glands.

Optic Chiasm

Allows the brain to combine visual information from both eyes into a single, unified image.

Hypothalamus

Regulates hunger, thirst, sleep, and hormones to maintain body homeostasis.

Thalamus

Relays sensory information (except smell) to the brain.

Limbic Lobe

Manages emotions, memory, motivation, and survival behaviors like eating, reproduction, and fight‑or‑flight response.

Midbrain

Processes visual and auditory data; controls reflexes and eye movement.

Hindbrain

Regulates vital bodily functions and coordinates movement and balance.

Forebrain

Involved in processing sensory information, endocrine regulation, and higher reasoning.