BIO 302 Practice

Which of the brain's lobes is most associated with hearing and memory formation?

Temporal

Which lobe of the brain contains the somatosensory cortex?

Parietal

Which lobe of the brain is most associated with cognitive aspects of emotional regulation?

Frontal

Click on the diagram of an axosomatic synapse

Place the events that occur during synaptic transmission in chronological order.

Action potential reaches presynaptic terminal, Calcium influx into the presynaptic terminal, Exocytosis of neurotransmitter, Neurotransmitter binding to postsynaptic receptors

Click on the region where an action potential is typically initiated

Which type of cells myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system?

Schwann cells

Where does plasticity commonly occur in a neuron?

Dendrites

Other than neurons, which cells participate in regulating the termination of synaptic signaling?

Astrocytes

Where in the brain would you find ependymal cells?

Ventricles

Which mathematical equation can we use to calculate the equilibrium potential of an ion?

Nernst Equation

A neuron has a resting membrane potential of -70 mV. If calcium has an equilibrium potential of +123 mV, which direction will ions flow when calcium channels open?

Into the cell

Which type of ion channels open in response to changes in membrane potential?

Voltage-gated ion channels

Equilibrium potential of an ion is defined as the membrane potential when:

The electrical and chemical gradients are balanced for an ion

Which of the following does NOT contribute to resting membrane potential?

Axon hilllock

Click on the graph that shows an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).

Click on the graph that represents membrane hyper-polarization.

When a neuron becomes hyperpolarized, what happens to the electrochemical gradient of sodium, which has an equilibrium potential of +60 mV?

The electrochemical gradient increases, favoring more sodium entry into the neuron.

Click on a docked synaptic vesicle.

When a neuron receives multiple stimuli from the same presynaptic neuron, this can be described as which of the following

Temporal Summation

What is the term defining the membrane potential at which an action potential will fire?

Threshold

Which of the following does NOT describe an action potential?

Its magnitude scales with the strength of the stimulus.

Match the correct attribute with its channel.

Voltage-gated sodium channel matches: undergoes inactivation

Voltage-gated potassium channel matches: slow to open; slow to close

Voltage-gated calcium channel matches: localized at active zones

Which proteins underlie electrical synapse function?

Gap Junctions

Which proteins drive the exocytosis of neurotransmitters?

SNAREs

Why does demyelination cause muscle weakness in multiple sclerosis patients?

Action potentials reach synaptic terminals more slowly than normal

Select the region where voltage-gated potassium channels are open

Select the region where a subsequent stimulus cannot elicit another action potential

Absolute refractory period

Phineas Gage's personality was changed dramatically after an accident that damaged his brain. Which brain region was injured?

His frontal lobe

When holding a neuron in voltage-clamp at 0 mV, which type of current will be injected after voltage-gated K+ channels open?

Positive current to offset the K+ leaving the cell.

Which property limits the rate at which a neuron can fire sequential action potentials?

Refractory periods

Click on the Node of Rainier

Which of the following may reduce the possibility of a neuron firing an action potential?

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Which of the following does NOT lead to the termination of neurotransmitter signaling?

Activation of postsynaptic receptors

The Goldman equation can be used to calculate which of the following:

Membrane Potential

Click on the synaptic cleft

If a positive current was injected into a neuron, what happens to the electrochemical gradient of sodium (Na+)?

The gradient decreases

Influx of which ions are required for the function of SNAREs?

Calcium ions

In which region is the membrane potential change due to the opening of ligand-gated ion channels?

Postsynaptic

Which of the following is true of the sodium-potassium pump?

It helps maintain resting membrane potential.