ANS 230 Exam 1

Nutrition Def

the act/process of nourishing or being nourished; specifically, the sum of processes btw which an animal takes in and utilizes food substances”. Science interprets the interaction of nutrients that affect maintenance, growth, reproduction, lactation and health. It is unique because of its specific objective→ improving survival, health and growth of animal say understanding their metabolism

Why does nutrition matter?

Biological- Nutrient requirements

• feed and feeding management

• Animal health

Economics

• feed costs

• ROI

What percentage of budget is feed cost?

70 %

Share of GDP in Agriculture

Agricultures GDP share is small, but societal large. High income vs low income countries differ in reliance on Ag. Livestock efficiency determines land, water, and nutrient use

Efficiency

how much nutrient of going in is retained vs how must is excreted.

FE = feed efficiency

• if improve FE by 0.4% = savings of billions

Nutrition Environment

• Nutrient excretion (N.P)

• Methane and GHG

• Feed sourcing and Land use

“Nutrition sits at the center of sustainability “

• Healthy sustainable and inclusive food systems are critical to achieve the worlds development goals

• Global population growth increases pressure on efficiency - “How can animal nutrition help feed 10 billion people?”

  • Air development is one of the most powerful tools to end extreme poverty, boost shared prosperity, and feed projected 10 billion people by 2050

Animal and its food

• Animal depend upon plants for their existence

• Plants synthesize complex materials from simple substances

• Animals are biochemical converters of plant derived nutrients

• Animals cannot synthesize energy- Plants capture solar energy

Photosynthesis

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Physics, chemistry and biology in nutrition

Physics: energy transfer, heat loss

Chemistry: bonds, oxidization- reduction

Biology: enzymes, tissues, regulation

Ingestion

feed intake, highly regulated but hard to be certain of intake

Digestion/Absorption

breakdown and uptake

Metabolism

chemical transformations- what makes a better metabolism?

Assimilation

use for structure/function

Excretion

waste removal- only measure of loss/inefficency we can measure

is energy a nutrient?

NO. There are 6 possible

Catabolic Pathways

Break all molecules apart

Anabolic pathways

re-synthesize

Metabolism

interconversion of nutrients to supply energy C

Catabolism

breakdown of nutrients - generates chemical energy and heat. Releases energy (exergonic): glucose→ ATP. Heat is released.

Anabolism

Assimilation of new chemical for structure and function: uses energy ( Endergonic ) : amino acids→ muscle protein. Heat is consumed.

REDOX potential

• measure of tendency of chemical (nutrients) to acquire electrons and lose electrons and thereby be reduced/oxidized respectively

• measured in volts.(V) or millivolt (mV)

  • electrons move with protons (H+)

  • Generation of ATP

• ATP generation depends on controlled oxidation of nutrients

  • Carbohydrates and fats differ in oxidation pathways

Oxidation

chemical rxn that = loss of electrons. Oxidized: if chemicals lose electrons

Reductions

chemical rxn = gain of electrons. Reduced if chemicals gain electrons

Antoine Lavoisier

“Father” of Nutrition and Chem (1743-1794)

• Transfer of food and oxygen into heat and water, creating energy (1770)

• Established the chemical basis of nutrition in a respiration experiment

• “La vie est une fonction chimique”

  • Used a hamster!

Principles of Nutrtion

• physical and chemical basis for nutrient rq.

  • food producing animals

  • domesticated

  • zoo/exotics

  • Wildlife

  • The same principles apply across

First Law of Thermodynamics

• matter and energy can not be created or destroyed

• Always conserved

• In nutrition this means

  • energy out must = energy in

  • energy changes form

Energy partitioning: Dairy vs Beef

Biological Priorities

Dairy: nutrients → mammary gland

Beef: nutrients → skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

Everything an animal consumes is accounted for

Digestion and absorption- nutrient used by body

Excretion in urine, feces respiration or heat loss- by products of metabolism

fecal loss- undigested nutrients

• The form of matter or energy changes

• This allows us to determine how nutrients are used for diff purposes

  • growth, production, pregnancy, exercise

Balance

Current proportions

Wuality

nutrient composition

Bioavaliability

usable fraction

What facts might affect nutrient use by animals?

• animal species

• life stage/physiological stage

• Resources available

• metabolism

• weight

• INTAKE: salability, access

• Gut environment: microbiome, pH → regulate life

• Digestion and Absorption: enzymes transit time

“These factors explain variation in animal performance”

Why does chem matter in bio?

all biological processes are derived by chemical interactions

Biological important molecules

glucose, amino acids, fatty acids

cell

smallest independently functioning unit

Prokaryotic cell

simple cell w/o a membrane bound nucleus or organelles and unicellular and include bacteria and archaea

Eukaryotic cell

more complex, contains a membrane bound nucleus and specialized organelles ( mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum) and include animals, plants, fungi and protists

carbohydrates

CHO, energy (glucose and starch)

Proteins

AA, energy and enzymes, structure and signaling, provide N for building cells

Lipids

energy (long term); membranes and insulation

Water

temperature regulation and solvent for reactions

Minerals

Structural (Ca,P) vs regulatory (Na, K)

Vitamins

cofactors in metabolism

Nutrients may be

Source of energy

• CHOs, Proteins(don’t pick this one), lipids

Required in Large/Small quantities

• micro (g)/macro (kg)

Organic or Inorganic

• Inorganic = minerals and H2O

Dispensable Nutrients

-do not need to include in diet

• synthesized by animal

  • Still “essential”

Indispenable nutrient

• must be provided in diet

• cannot be synthesized by animal

  • “conditionally indispensable” - not synthesized in sufficient quantities certain conditions require animals to have more than synthesize

Species specific

Amino Acids

• Taurine: for cats (carnivores) b/c limited synthesis; no reqs for dogs

• Arginine: conditionally indispensable during severe illness/truama/genetic conditions (sickle cell in humans)

• Glutamine: needed in higher amounts during stress (surgery/burns) for gut health and immune function, exceeding norms

Vitamins and Minerals

• Vitamin C: guiena pigs and primates can’t synthesize - most other mammals can, making conditionally indispensable

• B vitamins (B12): Microbes in rumen produce most B vitamins; ruminants non diet or coprophagy- makes B12 conditionally indispensable in some species

  • lots of protein and nutrients excreted by rabbits so need to reconsume

Conditionally indispensable

Factors that result

• Growth and life stages: Neonates often need nutrients (arginine, glutamine, choline) that adults can synthesize

• Disease and stress: trauma, infection, or metabolic disorders overwhelm synthesis pathways (ex: arginine, glutamine in sepsis)

• Dietary imabalance- poor quality protein/lack of precursors (eg, for vitamin A from plant carotenoids) can trigger needs

  • Stress, disease, and genetics shift many nutrients from “dispensable” to conditionally indispensable” or even fully “indispensable” withs species dictating the baseline and triggers

Energy and Nutrition differences P v A

Plant

• autotrophic (make own food) with chloroplasts, photosynthesis - sunlight - C6H12O6

Animal

• heterotrophic using mitochondria for cellular respiration. Glucose- ATP

Structure/Support P v A

Plant

• rigid cell wall (cellulose) provides fixed shape. Protection, prevents bursting in water

Animals

• flexible cell memmbrane only allowing movement, shape change and immune function (no wall)

Water and water management P v A

Plant

• large central vacuole maintain turgor pressure (firmness and stores water/nutrients/waste)

Animal

• multiple small vacuoles/vesicles rely on lysosomes (waste breakdown)

Communication P v A

plant

• plasmodesmata (channels through cell walls for direct cell to cell connection)

Animal

• gap junctions, allowing flexibility in tissue structure (muscle breakdown)

Plant and Animal cells

• plants store energy as starch

• animals store energy as triglycerides or glycogen

• Animal cell membranes contain a phospholipid bilayer and protein- no cell wall

• Plant cell membrane has cell wall

• only source of glucose is in plants

• both eukaryotes, they have a well defined cell nucleus that houses chromosomes

• plants synthesize AA from inorganic N (reduce nitrates)

• nitrogen fixing bacteria in legumes

  • nodules in roots that house microbes and fix N to make amino acids

What is energy?

• a property of systems, not a substance

  • capacity to do work - physical, chemical, or biological K

key principles of energy

• it can be transferred ( heat, work, radiation)

• it can be transformed

  • Total energy is conserved ( 1st law)

Energy metabolism

1. feed nutrients converted into energy

2. metabolic rxns (redox ) capture this energy into ATP

3. ATP used to drive all other reactions

   1. All reactions release heat

2nd law thermo

In any energy transfer, the entropy (disorder) increases, it is not 100% efficient

• chemical reactions release heat

• heat dissipates from body

  • “effiicency” of metabolism is related to generation of heat

metabolic rate

• energy in animals usually measured by their metabolic rate

• amount of energy an animal uses over a specific period of time

• usually expressed in units like calories (kcal) per unit time

• calculated by measuring O2 consumed and CO2 produced (indirect calorimetry)

  • Calories = 1000 calories

Indirect calorimetry

• way to measure BMR

  • measure energic metabolism by accounting for O2 consumed and CO2 produced

Direct calorimetry

measure heat produced

Maintenance

basically BMR because basal = maintenance. Maintenance req vary species by species and within species can be extremely challenging

Daily energy expenditure

Resting Metabolism- inherent Amt that you assume- largest amount

Physical activity next amount

thermic effect least

Thermic effect

energy rq for digestion, absorption, and nutrient processing, ie breaking feed to make energy

Basal Metabolic Rate Calculations

Per Animal (whole body BMR)

• total energy expenditure (24h)

• kcal/day

• useful to determine energy requirements

Per unit of BW (Mass-specfic BMR)

• BMR relative to animals actual BW

• kcal/kg BW/d

Per unit of Metabolic BW (BW ^0.75)

• most accurate to compare diff species

  • kcal/kgBW^0.75/d

What each BMR good for

Whole body - calculating total feed rations

Mass specific - showing metabolic intensity

Metabolic weight - comparing species fairly

Who has high BMR mouse or elephant?

• Whole body - elephant

• per unit BW - mouse

• Lower mass - higher BMR

  • larger surface area

  • lose heat faster

    • more energy to maintain internal temp

Why small animal have higher BMR?

• larger surface area ratio to volume so need more energy for heat

• heat generated during BMR has to be dissipated or else we get sick

• so for small snails moving heat out faster means they need more and get more heat

  • Large animals have core to generate lots of heat and takes lots of time

Why matter for metabolic BMR?

• heat lost through surface area (skin)

• heat generated in the volume (body tissues)

  • bc small animal shave more surface area per unit of body mass, they lose heat faster and must burn energy faster = higher BMR per gram of body mass

BMR and Metabolic Body Size

• heat loss proportional to Body surface area

• SA of anime diff to measure

• Kleibers Surface law

• ¾ power of BW = Metabolic body size

  • compare across species

Fasting catabolism

• body breaks down its own tissue reserves no external energy provided

• energy expended in fasting animals

• estimated by heat production

  • heat production is measured by direct or indirect calorimetry in a respiration chamber

Assessing maintenance requirements

• animal must be awake

• complete physical and mental rest

• post absorptive state and not actively digesting food (fasting)

  • thermoneutral enviorment

Key Takeaways from BMR

Metabolism produces heat as a by product

• endotherms use this to maintain a stable internal body temp

Basal Metabolic Rate

• baseline rate of energy use in a resting, fasting, animal at neutral temp

Body size and metabolism

• smaller endotherms have higher mass specific BMR a hotter metabolism per gram, than larger animals

Activity Matters

• Metabolic rate increases with activity - more active animals burn more energy

Torpor as an energy saving strategy

• some animals can dramatically lower their metabolism during torpor- lower energy req

• Hibernation = winter torpor

• Estivation = summer torpor

Fastest metabolism animal

hummingbird performs torpor every night, consume sugar

slowest metabolic rate

brown throated sloth, algae grows on fur slow bc what they eat

Sloths act like birds and reptiles in this way

• they seem to face evolved an approach to energy unlike the rest of their family tree, shutting down at temperature extremes

• Really are that’s strange so many things mammals don’t

  • move only sparringly like crocs

  • Rarely defecate liek snakes

    • Can’t move their eyes without moving their heads like owls

      • fur often covered in algae like a rock

Animal metabolism produces energy in a reverse process of that of photosynthesis

6 CO2 + 6H2O ← C6H12O6 + 6O2

Plants : sugars and starch (cell contents)

Plants: cellulose / hemicellulose (cell walls)

Animals : carbs = major energy source

What are carbohydrates

• empirical formula Cm(H2O)n

• 60-90% of plant dry matter

  • Contain CHO

Animals : primary dietary energy source

Almost 80% of energy on plant is in cellulose- microbes in our gut have cellulase

How do we classify carbs (chemistry)?

Monomer type - chemical identity

• Homo- or Hetere- polysaccharide

Degree of polymerization (DP) - size and solubility

• oligo - 3-10 units

• Poly several units

• Linear or branched

Linkage type ( alpha or beta ) “geometry of bond - strength and digestibility

Nutrition terms

• same molecules = diff names

• prebiotics

• resistant starch

• dietary fiber

• NSPS - non-structural polysaccarides = cell contents more soluble

• "same chem, diff physiological effects”

Amylose

straight chain

amylopectin

branched chain

monosaccarides

• smallest carbs (>3C)

• highly water souble- wouldn’t ve available to animal

• 2 common monosaccharides

  • hexose (glucose, galactose)

    • pentose (arabinose, xylose)

glucose

sugar, found in photosynthesis, matters? main energy fuel

galactose

sugar, found in lactose, matters? rare alone

fructose

sugar, found in fruits, honey, matter? sweet, in sucrose

Starch bonds

alpha bond, D-Glucose - easy to digest

cellulose bonds

B, D-glucose - mammals can’t digest

Functional group - aldehyde

-CHO

functional group - hydroxyl

-OH

functional group - carbonyl

-Cdouble bondO

the location of the C- - O group determines whether its an aldehyde or ketone

ketone - on the side

aldose - at the end/top

fructose - ketone or aldose ?

ketose sugar

glucose - ketone or aldose?

aldose sugar

formaldehyde

• widely used chemical in resins, finishes, and adhesives

formalin

• used in the embalming preserving solution

Glucose and Fructose in Plants

• 2 most abundant monosaccharides in plants

• different structure but same molecular formula

Glucose

• basic unit of starch and main storage form in plant s

Fructose

• main ketohexane of nutritional and physiological significance

• fructose occurs mainly in green plants, honey, fruits, flowers

• Component of sucrose (a disaccharide ) and fructans (polysaccharides ) in plants

  • contents of glucose and fructose differs among plants

Glucose and Fructose in Animals

• glucose main product of starch digestion in the GI tract of non-ruminants

• glucose predominant hexose in blood of health animal

• fructose typically not in blood in high levels

  • Fructose present in large amounts in semen of males and fetal fluids of ungulates (cattle, sheep, pigs) and whales

Disaccharides

• 2 monosaccharides and water removed

• Carbon gets mixed into either an “A” or “B" configuration

  • sucrose is formed when a monomer of glucose and a monomer of fructose are joined in a dehydration reaction to form a glycosidic bond. In the process, a water molecule is lost

Maltose

Glucose and glucose disaccarides - alpha bond - easy digestion

Sucrose

glucose and fructose disaccharide - alpha bond- easy to digestion