native american history exam

Indian Removal Act

A federal law authorizing the forced relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral homelands to designated Indian Territory resulting in significant cultural disruption and loss of life

Treaty Party

A faction within Native American leadership that favored negotiating treaties with the US government to secure land rights or other concessions often under pressure that later proved disadvantageous

National Party

A Native American political faction advocating a unified stance against US encroachment emphasizing preservation of sovereignty and cultural identity rather than treaty compromises

Cherokee Nation v Georgia

The Supreme Court case from 1831 that recognized the Cherokee as a distinct community with a government although it was dismissed on technical grounds rather than affirming full sovereign status

Worcester v Georgia

The 1832 landmark Supreme Court decision affirming that Native American nations such as the Cherokee are distinct sovereign entities whose lands are protected from state laws even though executive enforcement was lacking

US Dakota War

A conflict in 1862 primarily in Minnesota where tensions over broken treaties resource scarcity and cultural clashes between the Dakota people and settlers resulted in significant casualties and forced displacement

Treaty

A formal legally binding agreement between sovereign entities that outlines the exchange of land resources or promises of protection and includes specific articles outlining mutual obligations and rights

Treaty of Washington 1836

An agreement negotiated with the Anishinaabeg involving complex land and resource exchanges that reflected US expansionist policies and included usufructuary rights for Indigenous peoples

Usufructuary Rights

The rights granted to use and derive benefits from land or property owned by another often included in treaties so that Native peoples could continue traditional practices without full ownership

1855 Treaty of Detroit

A treaty between the US government and Native American tribes in the Great Lakes region that led to significant land cessions in exchange for promises of compensation and limited rights that were often inadequately upheld

Allotment

The division of tribal lands into individual parcels intended to assimilate Native Americans by undermining communal land holdings often resulting in loss of land to non Native settlers

Dawes Act of 1887

A federal law designed to assimilate Native Americans by partitioning communal lands into individual allotments which severely disrupted traditional landholding practices eroded cultural cohesion and resulted in extensive land loss

Treaty Short Answer

A formal legally binding agreement between sovereign entities involving the exchange of land resources or promises of protection with specific articles outlining mutual obligations

Brenda Childs Argument Short Answer

Argues that Indigenous resistance was nuanced combining negotiation and cultural strategies for example Cherokee women played key roles in treaty negotiations which illustrates Indigenous agency amid US expansionist pressures

Anishinaabe Enlistment in the Union Army Short Answer

Enlistment was motivated by the desire to protect tribal lands and secure rights it was also a strategic response to US policies that threatened Indigenous sovereignty and reflected a longer history of resistance

Dawes Act of 1887 Short Answer

Aimed to assimilate Native Americans by converting communal lands into individual allotments which severely disrupted traditional practices and led to the systematic transfer of land to non Native ownership

Indigenous Strategies and Goals Essay Outline

Strategies include negotiating treaties to secure land rights and limited sovereignty engaging in legal battles such as Worcester v Georgia revitalizing cultural practices as forms of resistance and occasionally employing military tactics or alliances Goals include preserving territorial integrity and cultural identity securing economic legal and political recognition resisting and negotiating against removal allotment and assimilation policies and ultimately achieving self determination and maintaining traditional ways of life

Reading Q1 Audience Address in Indigenous Speeches by Tecumseh and Black Hoof

Both address their audience as Brother

Reading Q2 Comparison of Militancy in Speeches by Tecumseh and Black Hoof

False Black Hoof s speech does not include more militant threats than Tecumseh s speech

Reading Q3 Tecumseh s Claim of Authorization to Speak to Harrison

He claims he has been authorized to speak to Harrison by all the tribes

Reading Q4 Tecumseh s Demand for Land Reclamation

True he wants land that was sold returned to Indigenous people

Reading Q5 Black Hoof s Declaration on Treaty Promises

He declares that the US should honor its treaty promises including trade provisions mentioned at Greenville

Reading Q6 Characteristics of a Pan Indigenous Movement

It involves and unifies individuals across multiple tribes

Reading Q7 Identifying a Key Cherokee War Woman in the Fight Against Removal

Nancy Ward contributed to the Cherokee fight against removal and land cessions

Reading Q8 Claims in Cherokee Women s Petitions

They argued that the Cherokee Nation should not sell land or move

Reading Q9 Cherokee Women s Position on Allotment in 1818

False Cherokee women did not support allotment in 1818

Reading Q10 Cherokee Petitions Concerning White Men Marrying Cherokee Women

The petitions state that white men who married Cherokee women were encouraging the Cherokee to move and were the worst enemies of the Cherokee Nation

Reading Q11 John Ross s Leadership in the Cherokee Nation

John Ross was the elected chief of the Cherokee Nation

Reading Q12 Assertions in John Ross s 1829 Petition

The petition asserted that the Cherokee have the right to regulate their internal affairs and would not submit to Georgia jurisdiction all of the above

Reading Q13 Brenda Child s Tribal Affiliation

Brenda Child is a member of the Red Lake Ojibwe Nation

Reading Q14 Ojibwe Political Confederacy in Child s Analysis

According to Child the Ojibwe are part of the Council of the Three Fires

Reading Q15 Gender and Survivance in Ojibwe Narratives

False Child states that men were not always at the heart of the Ojibwe sense of the world in every story of survivance

Reading Q16 Components of the Ojibwe Seasonal Round in Chapter 1

It included hunting and fishing agriculture including squash and corn and harvesting wild rice

Reading Q17 Role of Ojibwe Women in the Fur Trade Economy

True Ojibwe women did barter and sell surplus food such as wild oats and wild rice during the fur trade

Reading Q18 Timing of Western Great Lakes Colonial Authority Expansion

American colonial authority began extending into the western Great Lakes region in 1776

Reading Q19 Events at Sandy Lake in 1850

All of the above happened many Ojibwe came to receive annuity payments the payments were delayed forcing them to wait in harsh conditions and some individuals died waiting and on the trip back

Reading Q20 Outcome of the Treaty of 1867 for Ojibwe Land

The Treaty of 1867 created the White Earth Reservation

Reading Q21 Land Control at White Earth Post Allotment

False at White Earth the Ojibwe did not remain in complete control of all their land despite allotment

Reading Q22 Meaning and Significance of Mindimooyenh

Mindimooyenh means female elder and literally translates to one who holds things together

Reading Q23 New Healing Tradition Emerged During Spanish Influenza

The Jingle Dress Dance emerged during the Spanish influenza pandemic

Reading Q24 Michigan Land Cession Treaty Details

The 1855 Detroit Treaty ceded Indigenous land in Michigan Upper and Lower Peninsulas and imposed a 5 year limit on reservations

Reading Q25 Translation of Manoomin from Ojibwe to English

Manoomin translates to wild rice in English

Reading Q26 Traditional Role of Women in Wild Rice Harvesting

True traditionally women were the main harvesters of wild rice and they established legal frameworks to maintain the wild rice economy

Reading Q27 Increased Participation of Ojibwe Men in Wild Rice Harvesting

More Ojibwe men became involved in harvesting wild rice in the 1930s 1940s during the Great Depression and World War II

Reading Q28 Opening Year of the Mount Pleasant Boarding School

The boarding school at Mount Pleasant opened in 1893

Reading Q29 Focus on Vocational Training in Boarding Schools

True the boarding schools stressed vocational training with female students working in kitchens and laundry rooms

Reading Q30 Enrollment Trends in Boarding School Students and Their Military Service

Boarding school students volunteered to serve in the US Armed Forces at a higher rate than Indigenous people on reservations

Reading Q31 Health Outcomes for Boarding School Students

False boarding schools did not