AP HuG unit 3 Piper

Folk Culture

Folk Culture

Small group, a homogeneous group, typically rural, and is cohesive in cultural traits (Traditional/spatially isolated)

2. Popular Culture

Large group, a heterogeneous group, typically urban, and experiences quickly changing cultural traits (Modern)

3. Local Culture

Group of people in a place who see themselves as a collective or as a community who share common experiences, customs, and traits (and they work to preserve those traits to hold onto uniqueness and distinguish themselves from others). Explain how scale of analysis changes how we analyze this...

4. Material Culture

consists of the tools, art, buildings, written records, and any other objects produced or used by humans

5. Nonmaterial Culture

the aggregate of values, mores, norms, etc., of a society

6. Hierarchical Diffusion

diffusion through opinion leaders...politicians, journalists, celebrities, sports stars, etc...

7. Hearth

Place something originates from/origin

8. Assimilation

less dominant group takes trait belonging to dominant

9. Custom

practice a group routinely follows (holidays, celebrations, eating, dancing, sports)

10. Cultural Appropriation

the unacknowledged or inappropriate adoption of the customs, practices, ideas, etc. of one people or society by members of another and typically more dominant people or society.

11. Neolocalism

a conscious effort by businesses to foster a sense of place based on attributes of their community

12. Ethnic Neighborhood

where members of a particular group have a disproportionate presence within some local area

13. Commodification

the action or process of treating something as a mere commodity (item/material)

14. Authenticity

the quality of being authentic

15. Distance Decay

describes the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions and states that the interaction between two locales declines as the distance between them increases.

16. Time-Space Compression

any phenomenon that alters the qualities of and relationship between space and time

17. Opinion Leaders

politicians, journalists, celebrities, sports stars, etc...

18. Reterritorialization

traits diffuse but are changed in different localities to match values of local culture (stimulus diffusion) OR a place gets reterritorialized when new groups take over certain areas and change the occupying demographic/culture/cultural landscape.

19. Cultural Landscape

Visible imprints of human activity on the earth's surface (including buildings, churches, statues, roads, signs, parks, etc)

20. Placelessness

The loss of uniqueness of a place in the cultural landscape to the point that one place looks just like another.

21. Global-Local Continuum

What happens at global scale effects what happens at local scale and vice versa. (interconnected relationships across space)

22. Glocalization

a place adopts a pop culture product and changes it slightly to fit local culture (more likely to succeed)

23. Gender

either of the two sexes (male and female), especially when considered with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones.

24. Identity

How we make sense of ourselves (place and space are essential to identity because experiences and perceptions of place help make sense of who we are)

25. Identifying Against

We must identify the "other" and then form an identity in opposition to that (In Psychology this is In Group-Out Group and is explained from a human behavior standpoint as a need to belong somewhere and w/ others)

26. Race

Identification of humans based on physical/biological characteristics (skin color, eye color, hair type, size/shape)

27. Racism

the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race (illusory correlation). A sentiment then used to justify a sense of superiority over that race.

28. Residential Segregation

physical separation of two or more groups into different neighborhoods. How racial divisions are reinforced. Stems from slavery, share-cropping, Jim Crow Laws, restrictive covenants/deeds and then from de-facto segregation.

29. Succession

The process by which one racial/ethnic group displaces another ethnic/racial group from an established residential, occupational, or political niche

30. Sense of Place

the attached meaning we give to places from memories and experiences. It's the place in which ppl feel comfortable, at home

31. Ethnicity

Identification of humans based on cultural characteristics (common ancestry, cultural heritage, common nations of origin)

32. Space

the world

33. Place

particular position or point in space.

34. Gendered

relating or specific to people of one particular gender

35. Queer Theory

What geographers are infusing into their study of sexuality across space (viewing how those in the LGBTQ community interact w/ the heteronormative)

36. Dowry Deaths

deaths of women who are murdered or driven to suicide by continuous harassment and torture by husbands and in-laws in an effort to extort an increased dowry. (Many deaths are suicide or covered up deaths made to look accidental)

37. Barrioization

a theory developed by Chicano scholars Albert Camarillo and Richard Griswold del Castillo to explain the historical formation and maintenance of ethnically segregated neighborhoods of Chicanos and Latinos in the United States.

38. Language

believed to be an evolutionary adaptation that gave early humans a reproductive advantage (natural selection) (much like facial recognition)...explain three main parts of brain (old brain structures limbic system/cerebral cortex)...brain is malleable when we're young in order to learn major skills-neural pathways established. 1. Allows people to communicate, interact, share ideas 2. Serves as the vehicle for humans to store knowledge base, communicate knowledge, and pass down cultural histories and preferences to ensuing generations (words/phrases not translatable to languages with different experiences) 3.Connects people and divides people 2. Gives us a solid u/s of which peoples are related (share lineage/history/space)

39. Mutual Intelligibility

relationships between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without intentional study or special effort

40. Standard Language

version of a language in a place that is published, distributed and taught. Language standardization is the process by which conventional forms of a language are established and maintained. Standardization may occur as a natural development of a language in a speech community or as an effort by members of a community (or country) to impose one dialect or variety as a standard (prestige power).

41. Dialects

Variations of language along regional or ethnic lines

42. Dialect Chains/Dialect Continuums

Dialects nearest to each other will be more similar (spatial analysis)

43. Isogloss

a line on a dialect map marking the boundary between linguistic features (the use of particular words- where they begin and end)

44. Language Families

effort to map the distribution of languages around the world (global scale) and to conveniently classify languages (shared origins)

45. Subfamilies

divisions within a language family that share more commonalities and broke off more recently in history

46. Cognate

words that have same linguistic derivation as another word

47. Proto-Indo-European

linguistic hypothesis associated w/ nomadic people in the Neolithic Era (4th millennium BCE) that proposes the existence of an ancestral Indo-European language that bred languages across the world

48. Proto-Eurasiatic

proposed older language that preceded Proto-Indo European. About 15,000 years ago variations began as people moved and lost contact w/ each other.

49. Language Divergence

Suggested by Linguist August Schleicher that new languages form when spatial interaction among speakers breaks down and language fragments into dialects and then eventually new languages

50. Backward Reconstruction

tracking shifting consonants and cognates back to an older/common language we can show how languages fit together and we can map it by making language trees

51. Language Convergence

Another way in which new languages form. Two languages spoken by people w/ constant spatial interaction, over time, can cause these two languages to collapse and meld into one

52. Extinct Language

Instances in which all ppl who speak a language become extinct (diseases) or when people abandon ancestral language in favor of another (does not occur quickly). Causes dead ends in backward reconstruction. (Anatolian languages/Sanskrit/Latin)

53. Conquest Theory

when a person or a group of people take control of an area and make everyone in that area follow their rules and beliefs

54. Romance Languages

Italian, Spanish, French-subfamily of Indo-European language family.

55. Germanic Languages

German, English, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, and Dutch. Reflect Northern European movement... Scandinavia as well as Germanic people into British Isles around 1100.

56. Slavic Languages

Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian (includes Bosnian), and Bulgarian. Dominated Eastern Europe w/ exception of Romanian

57. Lingua Franca

A "bridge" language that is spoken by people who speak different languages for purposes of trade

58. Pidgin Language

A "bridge" language that is spoken by people who speak different languages for purposes of trade; 2 languages combine w/ a simplified structure and vocabulary

59. Creole Language

Instances in which pidgin languages (blends of 2 languages) gain native speakers (and becomes 1st language of new generations)

60. Monolingual States

Countries where nearly everyone speaks the same language (Japan, Uruguay, Iceland, Denmark, Portugal, Poland, Norway)

61. Multilingual States

Countries with multiple languages (regardless of official language)

62. Official Language

language that is given a special legal status in a particular. country, sub-state, or other administrative jurisdiction (Quebec Province). Typically a country's official language refers to the language used within government (courts, parliament, administration)

63. Global Language

A global language is one that is achieves the official position and education preference in every nation. There will never be a global language, but English is the closest language to it)

64. Toponym

names for places that reflect the very essence of a place (physical and human characteristics); Reflect topographical features (Rocky Mountains/Salt Lake City) or reflect the history or sense of a place (Cape Disappointment in Washington...named after failed attempt to find Columbia River)

65. Activity Spaces

the local areas within which people move or travel in the course of their daily activities

66. Interface Areas

name given in Northern Ireland to areas where segregated nationalist and unionist residential areas meet.

67. Religion

Defined by Robert Stoddard and Carolyn Prorak as "a system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities" (the should)

68. Secularism

belief system that a) rejects religion, or b) the belief that religion should not be part of the affairs of the state or part of public education. (1-not religious/2-separation of church and state)

69. Monotheistic Religion

Religion that worships one deity/higher being/God (younger)

70. Polytheistic Religion

Religion that worships multiple deities/higher beings/Gods (older)

71. Animistic Religion

the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence—>this is a blanket anthropology term/construct that applies to most indigenous/folk religions

72. Universalizing Religion

religions that appeal to groups around the world or in different regions of the world. All of them have denominations or sects that broke off to accommodate or as a result of regional/ethnic differences. (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism)

73. Ethnic Religion

Religions-religions that are practiced by relatively homogenous groups (but at ethnic scale-not national) in one place. Tied to/connected to certain groups and where that group lives. (Hinduism, Taoism, Confucianism, Shintoism, Sikhism)

74. Hinduism

Ethnic religion, most popular religion in India, and 3rd largest religion in world.

75. Caste System

the rigid Hindu system of hereditary social distinctions based on your past life; how you act in your life is either rewarded or punished when you reincarnate

76. Syncretic Religion

the fusion of diverse religious beliefs and practices

77. Buddhism

Universalizing religion, 4th largest in world, mainly practiced in China and other Asian countries

78. Shintoism

Ethnic religion originating and practiced today in Japan. Big part of cultural identity for Japanese (even secularists)

79. Taoism

Ethnic religion originating in ancient China, today mainly practiced in Taiwan.

80. Feng Shui

a system of laws considered to govern spatial arrangement and orientation in relation to the flow of energy, and whose favorable or unfavorable effects are taken into account when siting and designing buildings.

81. Confucianism

Ethnic religion originating in Ancient China, coming from teachings of Confucius, mainly practiced in South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan.

82. Judaism

religion, ethnicity, and nationality (ethnic religion) originating from Israel, and mainly practiced in the US and Isreal.

83. Diaspora

the scattering of the Jews to countries outside of Palestine after the Babylonian captivity; the body of Jews living in countries outside Israel.

84. Zionism

a movement for (originally) the re-establishment and (now) the development and protection of a Jewish nation in what is now Israel. It was established as a political organization in 1897 under Theodor Herzl, and was later led by Chaim Weizmann.

85. Interfaith

relating to or between different religions or members of different religions.

86. Intrafaith

within a single major faith

87. Extremism

Fundamentalism that is taken to the point of an action of violence

88. Christianity

Universalizing religion, most popular religion in world beginning in Jerusalem from the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

89. Eastern Orthodox Church

Sect of Christianity mainly in Eastern Europe splitting with Catholicism in Great Schism

90. Roman Catholic Church

Sect of Christianity, most organized with Pope in Rome, Bishops and so on

91. Protestant

sect of Christianity majority of Christians in US. Splitting from Catholicism because of Pope and relationship with God.

92. Islam

Second largest religion in world, universalizing, coming from teachings of Muhammad

93. Sunni

Sect of Islam believing after Muhammad died that the Caliph should be Abu Baker (first muslim)

94. Shi'ite

Sect of Islam believing first Caliph should be Ali (bloodline descendent of Muhammad); majority of early muslims

95. Indigenous Religions

religions that are local in scope, typically have a reverence for nature, and are passed down through families and groups (tribes) of indigenous peoples.

96. Shamanism

a religion practiced by indigenous peoples of far northern Europe and Siberia

97. Pilgrimage

Pilgrimage-Travel to sacred sites for ritualistic purposes like rejuvenation, reflection, healing or fulfillment of a religious commitment (Example-The Hajj in Islam (8th to 13th day of 12th month of Islamic calendar)/Vatican City and St. Peter's Basilica for Catholics/Varanasi in Hinduism...built on banks of Ganges River)

98. Sacred Sites

Places or spaces that are infused with or given significant religious meaning (Examples-Mecca and Medina in Islam/ Jerusalem for all 3 Abrahamic religions/Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, India for Hindus)

99. Minarets

slender towers from which a person (Muezzin) calls people in the town to prayer 5 times a day.

100. Hajj

Pilgrimage all muslims are required to take if financially and physically able