VCU DPT Neuro - Stuff that’s gotta be a test question

The pineal gland is found in what part of the diencephalon

Epithalamus

The thalamocortical/corticothalmic tracts take the ___, which is the bridge between the cerebral cortex and the internal capsule

Corona radiata

Epithalamus is made up of the ___ and the ___

Pineal gland and the habenula

T/F - Hypothalamus controls the INTERNAL environment

True

The hypothalamus modulates the ___

ANS

The satiety center is found in what part of the diencephalon

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus sense and respond to ___, ___, and ___

Temperature, osmolality, and hormones

What is the general role of the ANS

HR, breathing, digestion, fight/flight

A pt with pusher syndrome is paretic in their right side. What side are they likely to fall towards?

Right side

What is the difference between rods and cones

Rods: Dim light/dark; contrast; motion, black/white; peripheral

Cones: Bright light/color; visual acuity; edges; central

what is the optic disc

Axons pierce choroid/sclera, forming the optic nerve; blind spot

What are the two horizontal movements of the eyeball? Vertical?

Abduction (away from nose) and adduction (towards nose)

Elevation (up) and depression (down)

What are the two pivotal movements of the eyeball?

Intorsion - eye rotates along itself; top of eye rotates TOWARDS nose

Extorsion - Eye rotates along itself; top of the eye rotates AWAY from nose

The superior oblique is innervated by CN ___, lateral rectus by CN ___, and the rest by CN ___

4 6 3

The only two extraocular muscles that act in the X axis are ___ (which ___ the eyeball) and ___ (which ___ the eyeball)

Medial rectus - adducts

Lateral rectus - abducts

The superior rectus ___ and ___ the eye, while the inferior oblique ___ and ___ the eye

Elevates and adducts

Elevates and abducts

Intraocular eye muscles control ___ accomodation and reaction to ___; the two in the iris are ___ and ___ and the one in the ciliary body is ___

Pupil accommodation and reaction to light

Sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae

Ciliary muscle

Orbicularis oculi ___ the eye and is innervated by CN ___, while the lavatory palpebrae superioris ___ and ___ the superior eyelid and is innervated by CN ___

Closes; CN 7

Retracts and elevates; CN 3

When you turn your head left, the eyes move ___, the R eye moves ___ via the ___ ___, and L eye moves ___ via the ___ ___ (VOR)

Right

Lateral - lateral rectus

Medial - medial rectus

In the corneal reflex, the afferent portion is controlled by the ___ nerve, and the efferent portion is controlled by the ___ nerve

Trigeminal; facial

What are the three zones of the visual field

Binocular, right and left monocular zone

The temporal retina receives info from the ___ visual field, and the nasal retina receives infos from the ___ visual field

Conralateral

Ipsiilateral

Which retina goes through the optic chasm to the other side of the brain, and which stays ipsilateral and does NOT cross

Nasal retina - crosses

Temporal retina - ipsilateral q

If a pt has an oculomotor N palsy, what effects to their vision would you expect? What movements could they not do? Which eye muscles would still work?

Diplopia, ptosis, dilated pupil

Eye adduction and up/down gaze

SO4 and RL6

What would be the result of a lesion to the optic nerve? Optic chiasm? Optic tract?

Optic N: No input from that eye

Chiasm: Loss of external visual fields from both eyes (Nasal retina)

What three systems help to maintain balance

Vestibular, vision, somatosensory

The vestibular labyrinth consists of 3 semicircular canals and 2 otolith organs in the ___ portion of the ___ bone

Petrous; temporal

What are the three canals of the vestibular system? What motion does each detect?

Anterior: flex/ext

Horizontal: rot

Posterior: side bending w ext

Describe the relationship between the ant and post semi circular canals working as functional pairs

Right ant works with left post

Left ant works with right post

The semicircular canals expand in an area called the ___. In this area, hair cells (sensory) stick up into an area called the ___

Ampulla

Cupula

Describe the activity of the vestibular system at rest

There is a constant tonic activation

What is the name of the longest hair cell on the cupula? What happens if the movement is going to towards it? Away?

Kinocilium

Depolarization (more afferent)

Hyper polarization (decr afferent)

If you're rotating your head right, the kinocilium on the right side becomes ___ and the left side becomes ___

Depolarized

Hyperpolarized

In teh macula of the utricle and saccule, the ___ cause the ___ membrane to move, moving the hair cells, which send signals out

Otoliths x 2

The utricle detects linear acceleration in teh ___ plane while the saccule detects linear acceleration in the ___ plane

Horizontal

Vertical

Which nuclei(s) promote the vestibulo-oculomotor reflexes (VOR)

Superior/medial

When your head is moving, the ___ reflex activates the muscles in the neck to help keep you upright against gravity

Vestibulocollic reflex (VCR)

the vestibulcollic reflex travels through CN ___ to what spinal nerve levels? What is the purpose of the reflex?

8 (vestibulocochlear)

C1-4

Maintain upright head

What vestibular nucleus does the vestibulocollic reflex use? What neural tract?

Medial

Medial vestibulospinal tract

The vestibulospinal reflex travels through CN ___ to what spinal nerve levels? What is its purpose?

8

Lower half of C, thoracic, and lumbar

Hip/step strategy to maintain balance by activating (mostly) extensors

What vestibular nucleus does the vestibulospinal reflex use? What tract?

Lateral vestibular nucleus

Lateral vestibulospinal tract

What are the efferent motor nerves in the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)

CN 3, 4 (kind of), 6

When your head turns left, the eyes move ___, the R eye moves ___ via the ___ ___, and the L eye moves ___ via the ___ ___

Right

Lateral - lateral rectus

Medial - medial rectus

Sound travels through the cochlea, through the spiral ganglion and vestibulocochlear nerve, to the ___ ___ nucleus and ___ ___ nucleus. It's then transmitted to the ___ ___ nucleus in the thalamus and to ___ area in the auditory cortex

Post cochlear and ant cochlear

Medial geniculate

Wernicke's area

Before reaching the middle ear, sound travels through the ___ and the ___ ___ meatus

Auricle

External auditory meatus

In the middle ear, sound hits the ___ membrane, which vibrates and causes the ___, ___, and the ___ to vibrate. The stapes then "taps" on the ___ ___

Tympanic

Malleus, incus, and stapes

Oval window

When the oval window is "tapped," there are vibrations through the ___ vestibuli, and the wave travels to the apex, through the ___, and down through the ___ ___

Scala

Helicotrema

Scala tympani

If there's enough amplitude of vibration, the ___ membrane moves, and the Scala tympani eventually ends at the ___ window

Basilar

Round

What is the difference between wernicke's and Brock's area

Wernicke: interpretation of language

Broca: expression of language

During the middle ear reflex arc, a loud sound stimulates the hair cells and the ___ nuclei which can activate efferent axons from the ___ ___ nucleus to type 2 cells. From the cochlear nucleus, the impulse travels to the ipsilateral facial motor nucleus that innervates the ___ via CN ___

Cochlear

Superior olviary

Stapedius - CN7

The ___ artery branches from the ___ ___ ___ artery, supplying the nerve, ganglia, and vestibular/cochlear receptors

Labyrinthine

Ant inf cerebellar

The semicircular canals and cochlea are located in what bone

Temporal

What is the name of the fluid in the semicircular duct

Endolymph

What deficits would you expect if the vestibulocochlear nerve was severed

Hearing loss, deficit in balance/equilibrium (vertigo)

What are the contents of the neostriatum? What additional structure is included in the striatum?

Putamen and caudate

Nucleus accumbens

What separates the caudate and putamen

anterior limb of internal capsule

What artery supplies the putamen, nucleus accumbens, and globes pallidus

Lenticulostriate A from MCA

What artery supplies the caudate nucleus

Medial striate A

If there was an aneurysm to the lenticulostriate A, which of these structures would not be affected

Putamen, caudate, nucleus accumbens, and globus pallidus

Caudate nucleus

What is the function of the caudate

Cognitive control of movement, planning, and execution of voluntary movement, learning and memory, occulomotor control

What is the function of the putamen

Motor control (habitual and automatic movements); regulation of movement amplitude and velocity

What is the function of the nucleus accumbens

Reward and motivation ; involved in reinforcement learning, pleasure, addiction, and emotional behavior

Most of the neurons in the neostriatum are ___ ___ neurons that release ___ for an inhibitory effect and ___ ___ for a neuromodulatory effect

Medium spiny

GABA

Neuroactive peptides

What are the efferent targets of the striatal complex? Which receives the most information?

Pallidum (striatopallidal fibers), nigral complex (striatonigral fibers), and subthalamic nuclei

Pallidum receives the most

The globus pallidus internus is a ___ pathway to the thalamus while the globus pallidus externus is a ___ pathway to the subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra; they both release what neurotransmitter

Direct

Indirect

GABA

What are the efferents of the subthalamic nucleus? What kind of pathway is it? What neurotransmitter does it release?

GPi/GPe and substantia nigra

Indirect

Glutamate

In the substantia nigra, the pars compacta releases ___ and the pars reticulata releases ___

Dopamine

GABA

What is the function of the pedunculopontine nucleus in the parabranchial pontine reticular formation? Does it release excitatory or inhibitory signals?

Gait, posture, motor control

Excitatory

The direct pathway ___ activity and the indirect pathway ___ activity

Facilitates (GO)

Inhibits (STOP)

T/F - dopamine FACILITATES movement by suppressing GPi input through both direct/indirect pathways

True

The motor loop in the basal nuclei can be found in the posterolateral ___ and its relative position is ___

The executive loop can be found in the dorsomedial ___ and its relative position is ___

Putamen - lateral

Caudate - mid

The visuomotor loop of the basal nuclei can be found in the body of the ___ and its relative position is ___

The motivational loop can be found in the ventral ___/nucleus ___ and its relative position is ___/___

Caudate - mid

Striatum/nucleus accumbens - medial/ventral

The two main classes of dysfunction of the basal nuclei are ___ disturbances and ___ disturbances

Hypokinetic

Hyperkinetic

Akinesia, bradykinesia, and dystonia are all impairments you may see in a pt with a ___ disturbance of the basal nuclei

Hypokinetic

Ballismus/hemiballismus, chorea, and athetosis are all impairments you may see in a pt with a ___ disturbance of the basal nuclei

Hyperkinetic

In Parkinson's, the pt will have decr activity in the (direct or indirect) pathway, inc activity in the (direct or indirect) pathway, both of which enhance the output of ___ and ___

direct

Indirect

GPi and SNr

T/F - PD can be described as the "same amount in and more out", while Huntington's is the "Same amount in but less out"

False

PD: same in less out

Huntingtons: same in more out

Huntington's disease is primarily caused by ___ degeneration

Striatal

Huntington's disease is often associated with the impairment ___, which can be characterized by by slow/writhing movements (mostly in hands/fingers), so the pt is unable to keep the limb in a fixed position

Athetosis

What is the primary role of the hypothalamus

Homeostasis

What is the rostral border of the hypothalamus? Superior?

Rostral: Laminal terminalis

Superior: Hypothalamic sulcus

T/F - the posterior pituitary is closest to the optic chiasm

False - anterior

The preoptic, supraoptic, and rostral portions of the lateral hypothalamic area aer supplied by what arteries? What about the tuberal, mammillary, and middle/caudal parts of the lateral hypothalamic area

Ant comm and A1 segment of ACA

Post comm and P1 segment of ACA

What is the blood supply of the pituitary gland? What does it drain into?

Superior and inferior hypophyseal A

Cavernous sinus

What nucleus contains neurons that manufacture gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Medial preoptic

What nucleus is known as the feeding center

Lateral hypothalamic nucleus

What nucleus receives input from the retina and may mediate circadian rhythm

Suprachiasmatic nuclei

The supraoptic/paraventricular nuclei send projections to the post pituitary and release what hormones

Oxytocin and anti diuretics (ADH/vasopressin)

What is the role of the anterior nuclei of the supraoptic region

Maintain body temp

What are the four nuclei found within the supraoptic region

Supraoptic, paraventriular, suprachiasmatic, and the anterior nuclei

What are the three nuclei found in the tuberal region

Ventromedial, dorsomedial, and arcuate

What is the function of teh ventromedial nucleus

Satiety center

What is the function of the dorsomedial nucleus

Behavior and SHAM RAGE

Which part of the tuberal region contains neurons that contain releasing hormones to teh anterior pituitary

Arcuate nucleus

What si the function of the mamillary region of the medial zone of the hypothalamus

Long term memory formation

Whta is korsakoff syndrome? It's the result of a lesion to what part of the hypothalamus

Decreased ability to make long term memories out of short term memories

Mamillary region

What ar the three regions of the medial zone of the hypothalamus

Supraoptic (chiasmatic), tuberal, and mamillary

Which hypothalamic nuclei is the most associated with the ANS

Paraventricular nuclei

What is the role fo the amygdala

Emotional modulation

What is the function of the septal area and basal forebrain

Motivation and arousal