Digestive and Respiratory Systems Lecture Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the anatomical segments, layers, and physiological functions of the digestive and respiratory systems.

Pharyngeal proper (PP)

The junction of the oropharynx, nasopharynx, and laryngopharynx that serves as a common passageway for food, water, and air.

Tunica adventitia

The outer layer of the esophagus.

Tunica serosa

The outer layer of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Parietal cells

Cells of the gastric gland that secrete $HCl$.

Chief cell

Cells of the gastric gland that secrete pepsinogen.

Duodenum

The fixed segment of the small intestine located near the pylorus of the stomach.

Jejunum

The longest, most movable, and most absorptive segment of the small intestine.

Ileum

The terminal segment of the small intestine characterized by the presence of Peyer’s patches.

Cecum

The counterpart of the human appendix; it is the site of fermentation in some gastric fermentor animals.

Colon

The longest segment of the large intestine responsible for water and electrolytes reabsorption.

12 hrs

The transit time of ingesta in the colon required to reabsorb water and electrolytes.

Rectum

The terminal or last segment of the large intestine used for temporary storage of feces prior to defecation.

Amylase

A pancreatic enzyme responsible for breaking down carbohydrates.

Lipase

A pancreatic enzyme responsible for breaking down fats.

Trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen

Pancreatic secretions responsible for breaking down proteins.

Glucagon

A hormone that increases blood sugar or blood glucose levels.

Insulin

A hormone that lowers or decreases blood glucose level.

Liver

Known as the nutritional guardian of the body and the largest gland; it secretes bile.

LMC

The lobes of the liver: Left and right hepatic, Median/quadrate, and Caudate lobe.

Enamel

The outer layer of the crown of a tooth.

Cementum

The outer layer of the nerves from the neck and root of a tooth.

Dentine

The middle layer of the crown of a tooth.

Pulp cavity

The inner layer of a tooth.

Lingual papillae (3FV)

Filiform (bristle-like), Fungiform (mushroom-shaped), Foliate (leave-shaped), and Vallate (V-shaped).

Larynx

Known as the voice box; a cartilaginous valvular apparatus connecting the pharynx and trachea.

Trachea

Known as the wind pipe; a cartilaginous and patent structure containing tracheal ribs.

Carina

The point of brachial bifurcation where bronchi are formed.

ACC

The 3 paired laryngeal cartilages: arytenoids, corniculates, and cuneiform.

ECT

The 3 unpaired laryngeal cartilages: epiglottis, cricoid, and thyroid.

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

The non-keratinized inner mucous membrane layer of the trachea.

Costal surface

The surface of the lung facing the rib laterally.

Mediastinum

A potential space at the medial between the right & left lungs which can be seen in radiograms.

AVTEN

The structures passing the post-cardial mediastinum: Aorta, Vena azygos, Thoracic duct, Esophagus, and Nerves.