Test 3 (deuterostomes, evolution, animal behavior, physiology)

Deuterostomes, Evolution, Animal Behavior, Intro to Physiology

Which one of the following is not a coelomate?

a. lamprey

b. shark

c. fluke

d. clam

c. fluke

Which one of the following is a fish?

a. sea horse

b. crayfish

c. jellyfish

d. star fish

a. sea horse

Which one of the following is the biggest fish?

a. blue whale

b. whale shark

c. dolphin

d. giant squid

b. whale shark

Vertebrate should have the following except:

a. ventral nerve chord

b. notochord

c. pharyngeal slits

d. postanal tail

a. ventral nerve chord

Which of the following animals have the bony vertebrae?

a. lamprey

b. shark

c. ray

d. frog

d. frog

Jaw is evolved from:

a. gill arches

b. operculum

c. swim bladder

d. fins

a. gill arches

Which one of the following is not a vertebrate?

a. lamprey

b. human

c. turtle

d. grasshopper

d. grasshopper

Reptiles have the following general features except for:

a. amniote egg

b. more concentrated urine than the amphibians

c. four-chambered heart

d. jaws

c. four-chambered heart

What phrase best describes natural selection?

differential survival and reproduction of individuals

Black wolves got their coat color from exchanging genes with dogs. This is an example of:

a. genetic drift

b. gene pools

c. gene flow

d. founder’s effect

c. gene flow

deuterostomes

trploblastic animals, bilateral symmetry, blastopore —> anus, coelomates, pharyngeal slits

echinoderms

spiny-skinned animals, mostly penta-radially symmetrical, coelomate

What is the general body plan of chordates?

bilateral symmetry, pharyngeal slits, notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, postanal tail

notochord

dorsal supporting rod

What are the three clades of chordates?

urochordates (tunicates), cephalochordates (lancelets), vertebrates

What are the traits of urochordates (tunicates)?

tadpole-like larvae: notochord, postanal tail

as an adult: no notochord, visible pharyngeal slits, sessile, surrounded by a layer of tunic (cellulose)

What are the traits of cephalochordates (lancelets)?

dorsal notochord that extends to tip of head & stays throughout adulthood, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal slits for filter-feeding, no fins or jaws or brain, small heart enlargements of the vessels

What are the traits of vertebrates?

dorsal vertebral column, anterior skull that accommodates brain growth, internal skeleton, coelomate, well-developed closed circulatory system

What are the taxons of vertebrates?

jawless fish (outgroup), chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fish), ray-finned fish, amphibians, amniotes (birds, reptiles, mammals)

What is a lamprey?

jawless fish —> vertebrate —> chordate —> deuterostome

mostly parasitic, cylinder-shaped fish, single fins, primitive cartilaginous skeleton, prominent notochord as primary support structure

What are examples of chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fish)?

rays, sharks, whale sharks

What did jaws evolve from?

gill arches

Chondrichthyans have _____ gill slits.

uncovered/visible

What is the structure of a chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fish) heart?

2-chambered (atrium —> ventricle —> gill —> body —> atrium)

What are examples of ray-finned fish?

sea dragon, angler fish

What distinguishes ray-finned fish from chondrichthyans?

ray-finned fish have bony skeletons, operculum, & swim bladder

chondrichthyans have cartilaginous skeletons & lack operculum & swim bladder (why they have to constantly swim to stay afloat)

operculum

gill covers that can open & close to generate water flow into the gills, help fish stay afloat w/o having to swim

swim bladder

gas-filled sac that helps regulate buoyancy, outgrowth from pharynx

What are examples of amphibians?

anurans (frogs), coelocanths, caecilians, tailed slamanders

How do amphibians reproduce?

reproduction and beginning of life in an aquatic environment, jelly-covered eggs —> larva —> metamorphosis (lose gills and develop longs and leg limbs)

What are examples of amniotes?

birds, reptiles, mammals

What allows amniotes to start life on land?

amniotic egg = “pond w/ the shell” for an aquatic environment on land

What are the extraembryonic membranes of the amniotic egg?

chorion —> amniotic membrane —> yolk sac —> allatois

chorion

membrane of amniotic egg that encloses everything w/n the shell

amniotic membrane

encloses the embryo and amniotic fluids in an amniote egg

yolk sac

contains the nutrients for the amniotic embryo

allatois

carries the amniote embryo waste products

_____ are the first to become fully terrestrial.

Reptiles

What adaptions allowed reptiles to become full terrestrial?

amniotic egg, internal fertilization, scaly skin, kidneys can excrete more concentrated urine, impermeable skin to water

internal fertilization

non-reliant on water for survival of an egg, fertilization of an egg inside the organism

What are examples of reptiles?

tuatara, squamates (snakes), turtles, crocodilians

ectothermic

reliance on external heat source to maintain body temperature

What is the difference between crocodiles and alligators?

crocodiles have V-shaped snouts, visible teeth

alligators have U-shaped snouts, wider upper jaw hiding the teeth

What adaptions allowed birds to fly?

hollow bones & no teeth for lighter weight, modified forelimbs as wings, bipedalism, sternum, air sacs, light feathers

endothermic

non-reliance on an external heat source to maintain body temperature

What is the general digestive system of birds?

beak —> mouth —> pharynx —> esophagus —> crop —> gizzard —> stomach —> intestines —> anus

What is the purpose of feathers for birds?

thermoregulation (trap or release warm air), waterproofing, mating signals, camouflage

What are the key features of mammals?

mammary glands, hair, sweat glands, 4-chambered heart

What are the major taxons of mammals?

prototherians, marsupials, eutherians

What is the purpose of hair for mammals?

heat insulation, sensory functions camouflage, protection

prototherians

close to reptiles,lay eggs w/o placenta, have mammary glands

What are examples of prototherians?

spring ant-eater, duck-billed platypus

marsupials

short gestation —> ventral pouch development

What are examples of marsupials?

kangaroo, opossum, banded ant-eater

eutherians

true placental mammals, much more developed baby at birth

What are examples of eutherians?

bats, primates, beavers, dophins, humans

What is the Genus species of the first human to appear on Earth 3.5 mya?

Lucy the Australopithecus afarensis

What advancements evolved primates to humans?

bipedalism, smaller jaws, larger brains, complex language & culture

wet-nosed primates

mostly smaller, nocturnal, arboreal monkeys

found in Africa, tropical Asia, Madagascar

What are examples of wet-nosed primates?

lemur, loris

dry-nosed primates

generally larger, diurnal, bigger brain

new world & old world monkeys

What is the difference between the dry-nosed new world monkeys and old world monkeys?

new world monkeys are arboreal, have a long prehensile tail, and their nostrils open to the side

old world monkeys are aboreal/ground-dwelling, lack a prehensile tail, and their nostrils open downward

What are examples of new world monkeys?

spider monkeys, squirrel monkeys

What are examples of old world monkeys?

mandrils, orangutans, gibbons

Which primate are humans most closely related to?

chimpanzees

evolution

accumulation of inheritable changes w/n a population over time

natural selection/fitness

differential survival & reproductive success of an individual

phenotype

physical expression of genes, observable traits

genotype

genetic information of a trait

gene

unit of heredity, the specific section of DNA that can be transcribed to RNA

alleles

different forms of a gene

gene pool

sum of all alleles in a population

allele frequency

= # of a specific allele in the population/sum of all alleles in the population

genotype frequency

= # of individuals w/ a specific genotype/total # of individuals in the population

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

deviations from the following five show that evolution is occurring

1. mating is random

2. very large population size

3. no gene flow

4. no mutation

5. no natural selection/natural selection that doesn’t affect reproductive success

mutation

any change in the organism DNA resulting in genetic variation

germline mutation

mutation that is passed onto offspring genes

artificial selection

selection of traits from organisms through evolution

gene flow

movement of genes into or out of a population, which may change allele frequencies

genetic drift

can cause large changes in populations

bottleneck effect

change in allele frequency by random chance, a period in which only a small # of individuals survive due to external pressure

founders effect

when a few pioneering individuals colonize a new region and there aren’t enough to produce a population w/ all alleles found among the members of the same population

sexual selection

struggle between the individuals of one sex for the possession of the other sex

stabilizing selection

reduces variation in a population (preserves average)

directional selection

one extrema is favored/preserved

disruptive selection

extremes are favored over the averagee

ethology

examination of animals in a natural habitat w/o treatments

innate behavior

“born to do it”, behavior that doesn’t need to be learned

What are examples of experiments that studied innate behaviors?

deprivation & interbreeding/courtship

habituation

learned behavior, diminishing response to repeated stimuli

conditioning

learned behavior, conditioned reflex/response to a stimuli

imprinting

learned behavior, parent-offspring recognition

tissues

cells groups w/ the same characteristics, make up organs

What are the four types of tissues?

epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous

What is the function of epithelial tissues?

line the external & internal body cavities (protection), chemoreceptors (smell, taste), secretion (mucous, sweat, milk), absorption, filtration, transportation

What are the shapes of epithelial tissue?

squamous (thin, flat), cuboidal (short cylinders), columnar (column or cylinders)

What are the classifications of epithelial tissue based on the number of layers?

simple (one), stratified (2 or more), pseudostratified (one layer, appears stratified)

What is the function of muscle tissues?

elongated cells capable of contractity & causing involuntary movement (movement of internal organs, heartbeat) & voluntary movements (skeletons)

What are the types of muscle tisses?

smooth (motility to internal organs), skeletal (voluntary movements), cardiac (heart contractions)

What is the outline of a muscle?

muscle —> muscle fibers —> myofibrils —> repeating sarcomere