Biology 190

C=O

Carbonyl

-OH

Hydroxyl

HCO

ALDEHYDE

ketone

>C=O

Carboxyl

COOH

Amine

NH₂

Amide

-CONH₂

Phosphate

PO₄ ^3-

Where is Hydroxyl Found

Alcohol, Carbohydrates, POlar, Helpful for dissolving compounds

Where is Aldehyde found

Glucos, Carbohydrates!

Where is it found Ketone

Carbohydrate, Nail Polish Remover, Acetone

WHere is Carboxyl found

Amino Acids, Fatty Acids (Acidic), Vinegar (Acetic Acid)

Where is Amine Found

Amino Acids, Proteins, I am basic

Where is Amide Found

Proteins Peptides,

Phosphate Group Purpose

ATP —— DNA RNA Protein Structure!

Structural Isomer

Same Chemical Formula, Different structure

Geometric Isomer

Also Known As Cis trans Isomer, Carbond Double bond that prevents bending with switched ends of that bend

Stereo Isomer

Specifically Enantiomers, MIrrorer Atoms, One good one bad, one good one indifferent

Racemic Mixture

Both Molecules Together, Ibuprofen

Methane

CH₄

Ehtane

C₂H₆

Saturation

Max number of Hydrogen and NO Carbon double bonds

Un Saturated

At least one C double bond.

Poly un saturated

More than 1 unsaturaetd bond. (Carbon Double bond)

Cyclo -

Carbon in a ring

Strong Acid/Strong Base

100% Dossociated to H+ or OH-

Weak Acid/Base

Not 100% Dissosciated (MAKE GOOD BUFFER)

Buffer

resists changes in pH when small amounts of an acid or a base are added to it.

How do Buffers Work

Forwards and Back across Chemical Equation (Both Ways)

What is an Acid

An aicd is any substance that when added to water raises H+

What is a Base

A base is any substance that wehn added tow ater raises OH-

What is PH

p = - log (H+ concentration)

What do ph and poh multiply to

10^-14

Hydrophobic Effect

Combination of molecule that hate water and are not polar and vandervalls interaction pulling them together.

What causes Vander Waals

Transient Dipole of elections just happening to flow away which is big for proetin interaction

Solvent

Soemthing stuff is dissolved in

Solute

Something that is dissolved

Solution

A homogenous mixture of tow or more substances

Hydration Sphere

If I am a dissolved particle (ion) I get surrounded by water atoms and hydrogen bonds

HydroPhillic

Having an affinity for water

Amphillic

I both love and hate water. Hydrophillic head hydrophobic tale (Cell membrane)

Lake Turnover Effect

Basically because water is densest at 4 degree s celsius twice a year lakes turn over their water as they freeze and unfreeze.

Why does oxygen dissolve better in colder water

Less brownian motion to push them out and excite them to fly away

Cohesion

Bonding together of like molecules

Adhesion

Bonding togehr of different molecules

Capillary Action

Combining of both adhesion and cohesion to pull water up something like a tree

Specific Heat

amount of heat/energy required to raise the temperature of something

Water have a high or low specific heat?

High

Evaporative Cooling

INSERT DEFINITION HERE

Why does water form hydrogen bonds

Because it is polar because of electro negativity

Van Der Waals Rasdius

Distance from nucleus to edge of cloud

Are hydrogen bonds covalent?

No

How may hydrogen bonds can water form?

4

What creates cohesion

Hydrogen bonds

Brownian Motion

Random Movement of molecules due to heat

1 MOlar Concentration

1 Mole/ 1 liter (generally of water but not excusively)

SPONCH

Sulfur, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen

What causes polarity?

Highly electronegative, generally just Oxygen and NItrogen

What’s stronger covalent or ionic

Ionic bonds

Electronegativity

An element’s ability to steal an electron, Alkali bad, halogens good

Ionic Bond

Form together in crystal structure after one permanently gains an electron and one completely loses an electron

Covalent Bond

Sharing of electrons and are stronger, sharing as many as they need to satisfy octet rule

Avogradro’s Number

6.022×10²³

Valence Shell

Outermost shell of electrons

Natural Selection

Individuals that have certain inheritable traits tend to survive and reporduce at higher rates specifically because of those traits. This process gives rise to new adaptations

Descent with modification

All organisms descend from common ancestor jsut with changes

Recipe for Natural Selection

1. Variations exist ina. population - evolution is not random, organisms mutate randomnly but the selection of traits is not random

2. Selection of inheritable traits - there is a struggle to exist, organisms with better traits are more healthy

3. Time - the effects of varaition and the selection of these varied traits are more noticeable with time.

Sulfhydryl Purpose

Thiol, stabilize protein structure

Methyl Group

-CH₃

Methyl Group Purpose

Affects the expression of genes when bonded to DNA

Sulfhydryl

-SH

Relationship Between Ketone and Carbonyl

Ketone is a Carbonyl Group chemical group within a carbon skeleton