Carbohydrates and Lipids (Chapter 3.2-3.3)

Carbohydrates

Macromolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; provide energy and sometimes structural roles.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars; cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller sugars; can exist in linear or ring forms; examples include glucose, galactose, and fructose.

Aldose

Monosaccharide with a carbonyl group at the end (terminal carbon).

Ketose

Monosaccharide with a carbonyl group on an internal carbon.

Triose

Monosaccharide with three carbon atoms.

Pentose

Monosaccharide with five carbon atoms (e.g., ribose, deoxyribose).

Hexose

Monosaccharide with six carbon atoms (e.g., glucose).

Ring forms (in water)

Five- and six-carbon monosaccharides form ring structures in solution; ring form can be α or β depending on the position of the hydroxyl group at carbon 1.