Lab Practical - animal phylogeny

Porifera - Metazoa

has spicules

ctenophora - metazoa

has complete, one way gut

placozoa - metazoa

cnidaria - metazoa

has cnidocytes, planula larva, radial symmetry, incomplete 2 way gut

Mollusca - lophotrochozoa

has mantle, shell, and radula

annelida- lophotrochozoa

has paired setae and segmentation

Nematoda - ecdysozoa

arthropoda - ecdysozoa

has exoskeleton and segmentation

echinodermata - deuterstomes

has calcite endoskeleton, water vascular system, tube feet, pentaradial sym.

chordata - deuterstomes

has postanal tail, notochord, dorsal, hollow nerve cord, segmentation

blastula - metazoa

Early animal embryo stage characterized by a hollow ball of cells formed after cleavage.

multicellularity - metazoa

Condition of an organism being composed of many cells that work together, allowing specialization and complex structures.

unique cell cell junctions - metazoa

Specialized structures in animal cells that connect neighboring cells, including tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.

collagen & proteoglycan- metazoa

Key components of the extracellular matrix; collagen provides strength and structure, while proteoglycans provide cushioning and hydration.

bilateral symmetry - bilateria

triploblasty - bilateria

Having three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) during embryonic development.

complete one way gut - bilateria

A digestive system with two openings—mouth and anus—allowing food to move in one direction.

blastopore becomes mouth - protostomes

Developmental pattern where the first opening (blastopore) in the embryo forms the mouth; characteristic of protostomes.

ecdysozoa - edysis

A group of animals that grow by molting their exoskeleton; includes arthropods and nematodes.

trochophore larva- lophotrochozoa

A free-swimming, ciliated larval stage found in some marine invertebrates like mollusks and annelids.

spiral, mosaic cleavage - lophotrochozoa

A pattern of embryonic cell division where cells divide at oblique angles (spiral) and each cell's fate is determined early (mosaic).

blastopore becomes anus - deuterstomes

Developmental pattern where the first opening (blastopore) in the embryo forms the anus; characteristic of deuterostomes.

radial, regulative cleavage - deuterstomes

Embryonic cell division where cells divide parallel or perpendicular to the axis (radial) and early cells can regulate to form any cell type (regulative).

spicules - poridera

Small, spike-like structures made of silica or calcium carbonate that provide support and protection in sponges.

cnidocytes - cnidaria

Specialized stinging cells in cnidarians used for defense and capturing prey.

planula larva - cnidaria

Free-swimming, ciliated larval stage of cnidarians that eventually settles to form a polyp.

radula - mollusca

A ribbon-like, toothed feeding organ found in most mollusks used to scrape or cut food.

paired setae - annelida

Bristle-like structures found in pairs on each segment of annelid worms, helping in movement and anchorage.

tube feet - echinodermata

Small, flexible, hollow appendages in echinoderms used for movement, feeding, and respiration.

notochord - chordata

A flexible, rod-like structure in chordate embryos that provides support and signals development.

dorsal, hollow nerve cord - chordata

A tube-like nerve cord located along the back (dorsal side) of chordates, which develops into the central nervous system.