lab practical 2

lymph node funciton

filters lymph and activates immune responce

white pulp function

immune response; contains lymphocytes that fight pathogens

red pulp

removes old RBCs, store platelets, recycle iron

trachea

conducts air to and from lungs; keeps airway open

epiglottis

closes over the trachea during swallowing to prevent food and liquid entering the airway

cilia

sweep mucus and trapped debris toward the throat

goblet cells

produc mucus to trap dust and microbes

alveoli for gas exchange

thin walls that are one cell thick, large surface area, rich in capillaries, elastic fibers, moist lining for optimal gas exchange

pancreas

produce digestive enzymes and hormones

pancreatic juice

neutralizes stomach acid and digests proteins, fats and carbs

islets

produce hormones like insulin (lowers) and glucagon (raises)

liver

produce bile, detox blood, store glycogen, processes nutrients

bile salts

emulsify fats to aid in digestion and absorption

kidneys

filter blood, produce urine, regulate water, electrolytes, pH, and BP

ureter

carries urine from kidney to bladder

urinary bladder

stores urine until urination

urethra

carries urine out of the body

renal colum

extend cortex in between pyramids, contains blood vessels

renal pyramid

contains tubules and collecting ducts that produce urine

renal pelvis

funnel that collects urine and drains into the ureter

minor calyx

collects urine from renal papilla

major calyx

collects urine from minor calyx and drains it to renal pelvis

hilum

entry and exit point for ureter, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

renal papilla

tip of pyramid where urine drains into the minor calyx

PCT

reabsorb more water, nutrients, and ions; secretes wastes

DCT

fine tunes ion balance and pH; respond to aldosterone and PTH

loop of henle

creates concentration gradient to concentrate urine

collecting duct

final site of water absorption (ADH control) and urine concentration before urine leaves the kidney

glomerulus

filters blood plasma to form filtrate

testes

produce sperm and testosterone

ovaries

produce eggs and secrete estrogen and progesterone