Endocrine system
Exocrine glands
have ducts
carry secretion to an epithelial surface
Endocrine Glands
no ducts
directly into the blood
Endocrine system
glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones
Internal communication
Nervous - both electrical & chemical
Endocrine - only chemical
Speed & persistence of response
Nervous - reacts quickly
Endocrine - reacts slowly
Adaption to long term stimuli
Nervous - response declines
Endocrine - response persist
Area of effect
Nervous - targeted and specific ( one organ)
Endocrine - general, widespread effects (many organs)
hypothalamus functions
regulates body functions : water balance , thermoregulation, sex drive and childbirth
what’s does GnRH stimulate ?
Gonadotrophin - Releasing Hormone
stimulates FSH ( Follicle Stimulating Hormone) & LH (Lutenizing Hormone)
Travels to gonads to stimulate gonadal hormones
what’s does CRH stimulate ?
Corticotrophin - Releasing Hormone
stimulates ACTH ( Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
Travels to thyroid gland to stimulate thyroid hormones.
what’s does TRH stimulate ?
Thyroid Releasing Hormone
stimulates TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
travels to thyroid gland to stimulate thyroid hormones
what does GHRH stimulates?
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
Stimulates GH (growth hormone)
travels to long bone and muscle to promote growth of tissue
PIF
Prolactin Inhibitory Factor
always being produced
when it stops being released, the pituitary gland is stimulated to produce Prolactin ( milk production)
Where are posterior pituitary hormones made ?
The hypothalamus
ADH
Antidiuretic Hormone
maintains fluid balance in the body
posterior hormone
Oxytocin
stimulates uterus for contraction during labor and aids milk
Pituitary gland
produces stimulating hormones
known as master gland
Calcitonin
lowers blood calcium
Calictriol & Parathyroid
raises blood calcium
Thyroid
produces: T3 & T4
what are gonads ?
testes & ovaries
Nervous System
Neurotransmitters
Cortisol
stress hormone
What does cortisol do?
increase bodies blood sugar in times of stress for energy and anti inflammatory effects, tissue repair
Aldosterone
regulates blood volume and how much fluid is in veins and arteries , regulate electrolyte balance.
Androgens
set libido throughout life
large part in prenatal male development
Estradiol
small quantity but important after menopause for sustaining adult bone mass
fat converts androgens into estrogen
Estrone
pregnancy and menopause
Estriol
post menopausal and prepubescent
Cortex
Outer Part
Medulla
Inner part
Catehlolomines
Epinephrine aka Adrenaline
Norepinephrine
Catehlolomines is similar to what nervous system?
sympathetic
Female Gonads
ovaries
progesterone , estrogen, and estradiol
Male gonads
Testes
testosterone
Progesterone & Estradiol
Responsible for female developement and maintenance of reproductive system.
ex : regulation of menstrual cycle and sustaining pregnanacy
Estrogen
Responsible for maintenance and formation of female sexual reproductive system.
ex : formation of breast
What does estrogen do in men?
help maturation of the sperm and maintenance of libido
Testostrone
increases muscle to bone mass
controls sexual libido
Inhibin
regulates follicle stimulating hormone (FSH ) which regulates sperm production
Pancreas
creates insulin
Insulin
during and after meal when glucose and amino acid blood levels are rising.
lowers blood glucose levels
inaction is cause of diabetes mellitus
Glucagon
pulls sugar out the liver and release of glucose into circulation raising blood glucose level
RAISE BLOOD GLUCOSE
secreted by A or alpha cells
Somatostatin
Partially suppresses secretion of glucagon & insulin
acts as regular of glucagon & glucose
secreted by D or delta cells
Pancreatic
secreted by PP cells of F cells
regulates bladder & pancreatic enzymes
inhibits gallbladder contraction and secretion pancreatic digestive enzymes
CONTROLLER OF DIGESTION
Gastrin
secreted by G cells
stimulates stomach acid secretion, motility and emptying
CONTROLLER OF DIGESTION
Hyperglycemic hormones
raise blood glucose concentration
ex Glucagon, growth hormone , cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
Hypoglycemic hormones
lower blood glucose
ex insulin
Pineal gland
attached to rood of the 3rd ventricle beneath the posterior end of corpus callosum.
functions of the 24 hr circadian rhythm
synthesizes melatonin
Seasonal affective disorder
SAD
occurs In winter or northern climates
Thymus
produces all T cells by the time you reach puberty.
important in immune defense
Synergist
multiple hormone act together for greater effect
Permissive effects
one hormone enhances the target organs response to a second hormone later
Antagonistic
one hormone opposes the action of another
Acromegaly
thickening of bones and soft tissues in adults
Congenital hypothyroidism
decreased TH
hyposecretion present at birth
Myxedema
decreased TH
problem with thyroid gland in adult life
Hashimotos
a problem with your immune system
immune system attacks thyroid gland destroying thyroid tissue and causes reduction in thyroid hormone
Goiter
Any pathological enlargement of the thyroid gland
Toxic goiter
graves disease
autoimmune disease hyperthyroidism
Diabetes mellitus
most prevalent metabolic disease in world
hyposecretion or inaction of insulin
Polyuria
excess urin output
Polydipsia
intense thirst
Polyphagia
hunger