chapter 17 endocrine system AP2

Endocrine system

Exocrine glands

• have ducts

• carry secretion to an epithelial surface

Endocrine Glands

• no ducts

• directly into the blood

Endocrine system

glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones

Internal communication

Nervous - both electrical & chemical

Endocrine - only chemical

Speed & persistence of response

Nervous - reacts quickly

Endocrine - reacts slowly

Adaption to long term stimuli

Nervous - response declines

Endocrine - response persist

Area of effect

Nervous - targeted and specific ( one organ)

Endocrine - general, widespread effects (many organs)

hypothalamus functions

• regulates body functions : water balance , thermoregulation, sex drive and childbirth

what’s does GnRH stimulate ?

• Gonadotrophin - Releasing Hormone

• stimulates FSH ( Follicle Stimulating Hormone) & LH (Lutenizing Hormone)

• Travels to gonads to stimulate gonadal hormones

what’s does CRH stimulate ?

• Corticotrophin - Releasing Hormone

• stimulates ACTH ( Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)

• Travels to thyroid gland to stimulate thyroid hormones.

what’s does TRH stimulate ?

• Thyroid Releasing Hormone

• stimulates TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

• travels to thyroid gland to stimulate thyroid hormones

what does GHRH stimulates?

• Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone

• Stimulates GH (growth hormone)

• travels to long bone and muscle to promote growth of tissue

PIF

• Prolactin Inhibitory Factor

• always being produced

• when it stops being released, the pituitary gland is stimulated to produce Prolactin ( milk production)

Where are posterior pituitary hormones made ?

The hypothalamus

ADH

• Antidiuretic Hormone

• maintains fluid balance in the body

• posterior hormone

Oxytocin

• stimulates uterus for contraction during labor and aids milk

Pituitary gland

produces stimulating hormones

• known as master gland

Calcitonin

lowers blood calcium

Calictriol & Parathyroid

raises blood calcium

Thyroid

produces: T3 & T4

what are gonads ?

testes & ovaries

Nervous System

Neurotransmitters

Cortisol

stress hormone

What does cortisol do?

• increase bodies blood sugar in times of stress for energy and anti inflammatory effects, tissue repair

Aldosterone

• regulates blood volume and how much fluid is in veins and arteries , regulate electrolyte balance.

Androgens

• set libido throughout life

• large part in prenatal male development

Estradiol

• small quantity but important after menopause for sustaining adult bone mass

• fat converts androgens into estrogen

Estrone

pregnancy and menopause

Estriol

post menopausal and prepubescent

Cortex

Outer Part

Medulla

Inner part

Catehlolomines

1. Epinephrine aka Adrenaline

2. Norepinephrine

Catehlolomines is similar to what nervous system?

sympathetic

Female Gonads

• ovaries

• progesterone , estrogen, and estradiol

Male gonads

• Testes

• testosterone

Progesterone & Estradiol

Responsible for female developement and maintenance of reproductive system.

ex : regulation of menstrual cycle and sustaining pregnanacy

Estrogen

Responsible for maintenance and formation of female sexual reproductive system.

ex : formation of breast

What does estrogen do in men?

help maturation of the sperm and maintenance of libido

Testostrone

• increases muscle to bone mass

• controls sexual libido

Inhibin

• regulates follicle stimulating hormone (FSH ) which regulates sperm production

Pancreas

creates insulin

Insulin

• during and after meal when glucose and amino acid blood levels are rising.

• lowers blood glucose levels

• inaction is cause of diabetes mellitus

Glucagon

• pulls sugar out the liver and release of glucose into circulation raising blood glucose level

• RAISE BLOOD GLUCOSE

• secreted by A or alpha cells

Somatostatin

• Partially suppresses secretion of glucagon & insulin

• acts as regular of glucagon & glucose

• secreted by D or delta cells

Pancreatic

• secreted by PP cells of F cells

• regulates bladder & pancreatic enzymes

• inhibits gallbladder contraction and secretion pancreatic digestive enzymes

• CONTROLLER OF DIGESTION

Gastrin

• secreted by G cells

• stimulates stomach acid secretion, motility and emptying

• CONTROLLER OF DIGESTION

Hyperglycemic hormones

raise blood glucose concentration

• ex Glucagon, growth hormone , cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.

Hypoglycemic hormones

lower blood glucose

• ex insulin

Pineal gland

attached to rood of the 3rd ventricle beneath the posterior end of corpus callosum.

• functions of the 24 hr circadian rhythm

• synthesizes melatonin

Seasonal affective disorder

• SAD

occurs In winter or northern climates

Thymus

produces all T cells by the time you reach puberty.

• important in immune defense

Synergist

• multiple hormone act together for greater effect

Permissive effects

• one hormone enhances the target organs response to a second hormone later

Antagonistic

one hormone opposes the action of another

Acromegaly

thickening of bones and soft tissues in adults

Congenital hypothyroidism

• decreased TH

• hyposecretion present at birth

Myxedema

• decreased TH

• problem with thyroid gland in adult life

Hashimotos

a problem with your immune system

• immune system attacks thyroid gland destroying thyroid tissue and causes reduction in thyroid hormone

Goiter

Any pathological enlargement of the thyroid gland

Toxic goiter

graves disease

• autoimmune disease hyperthyroidism

Diabetes mellitus

most prevalent metabolic disease in world

• hyposecretion or inaction of insulin

Polyuria

excess urin output

Polydipsia

intense thirst

Polyphagia

hunger