Fungi and Animal Evolution

yeast

unicellular fungi found in moist environments; heterotrophic, decomposers, breaks down lignin and cellulose, inorganic nutrient cycling

hyphae

thin filaments

characteristics of fungi

most multicellular, hyphae, septa between cells have pores; some filamentous and unicellular

pores in septa

walls between cells, similar to phloem in plants; absorbs/shares nutrients

chitin

flexible polysaccharides that make up cell walls

mycelium

interwoven mass of hyphae

most fungi reproduce by…

making spores, hapolid

fruiting bodies

spore producing structure of fungi, seen above ground (sporangia tissue)

plasmogamy

fusion of cytoplasm of parent mycelia (nuclei of 2 diff fungi in one cell)

heterokaryon

fused mycelium from two diff individuals, nuclei have not fully fused yet (haploid)

karyogamy

hapolid nuclei fuse (diploid zygote)

after karyogamy…

zygote immediately develops into sporangium (fruiting body) by meiosis

collagen

unique protein mainly used to connect cells in animals

kingdom Animalia characteristics

very few shared derived characters; multicellular; no cell wall; external cell membranes; can not absorb enzymes, must digest; specialized cells forms tissues

diploblastic

ectoderm and endoderm only

mesoderm

layer between ectoderm and endoderm

triploblastic

has ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

coelom

body cavity formed from mesoderm between digestive tract and body wall, cushions organs

radial symmetry

no front or back, no left or right (ex: circular anenome); sessile or planktonic

sessile

don’t move

planktonic

drift, weakly swim

bilateral symmetry

dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, posterior, cephalized

dorsal

top

ventral

bottom

lateral

left or right

anterior

head

posterior

tail

cephalized

possess central nervous system or brain

porifera

basal taxon of animalia, no true tissues, sessile suspension feeders; sponges

ostia

small pores in surface that allow fluids to enter or leave

choanocytes

flagellated collar cells that absorb food

spongocoel

central cavity within a sponge

osculum

water goes out of spongocoel

mesohyl

gelatinous matrix with spicules

spicules

particles of silica or calcium carbonate (sharp, hard)

amoebocytes

absorb food from environment and choanocytes, digest and carry to other cells

totipotent

can turn into any other type of cell

sequential hermaprodites

one sex than the other