Mood Disorders

Normal (Euthymia)

fluctuations in happiness/sadness that do not interfere with functioning.

Abnormal

exaggerated or prolonged mood shifts causing distress or impairment.

Mood disorders

become clinically significant when: Moods interfere with personal success, functioning, or happiness; Coping strategies fail, leading to destructive behavior; They persist and are not attributable to life events alone

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Mood disorders affect ~___% of the U.S. population. Despite increased diagnosis in primary care, non-psychiatric physicians have a low rate of accurate detection (Cepoiu et al., 2008).

Depression symptoms

Sleep: insomnia/hypersomnia, Interest: diminished interest or pleasure, Guilt: feelings of worthlessness, Energy: fatigue, Concentration: difficulty concentrating/indecisiveness, Appetite: changes in appetite/weight, Psychomotor: agitation or retardation, Suicidal ideation: thoughts of death. SIGECAPS

Mania symptoms

Distractibility, Indiscretion (risky behavior), Grandiosity, Flight of ideas, Activity increase (goal-directed), Sleep deficit, Talkativeness (pressured speech). DIGFAST

Cyclothymic disorder

≥2 years (≥1 in youth) of: Numerous periods with hypomanic symptoms (not full episodes) and Numerous periods with depressive symptoms (not full episodes). Symptoms present ≥50% of time, no symptom-free period >2 months C. No full manic, hypomanic, or major depressive episode ever D. Not better explained by a psychotic disorder E. Not attributable to substances or medical conditions F. Causes significant distress or impairment. Chronic, fluctuating mood disturbances, Unpredictable changes often lead to functional impairment, Individuals may be seen as temperamental or inconsistent. Specifier: With anxious distress

severe major depression

Pharmacotherapy + Psychotherapy is gold standard for…..

Serotonin Syndrome

Due to excess serotonin (e.g., SSRI overdose). Symptoms: agitation, confusion, tremor, fever, diarrhea. Resolves with cessation and supportive care

Serotonin Discontinuation Syndrome

Occurs when serotonergic agents are abruptly stopped. Symptoms: dizziness, insomnia, anxiety, flu-like symptoms. Prevention: taper doses gradually

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

For treatment-resistant depression, acute suicidality, or severe catatonia. Side effects: short-term memory loss, confusion, headache. Recommended for: Major depressive disorder, Bipolar disorder, Manic episodes, Schizophrenia. Not recommended for: Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), Substance use disorders, Anxiety disorders, Personality disorders

Bright Light Therapy

Used for Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). Exposure to 2,500–10,000 lux of light suppresses melatonin. Typical living room lighting: ~400 lux; sunlight: ~100,000 lux

Bipolar disorder T1

Manic episodes +/- hypomania (milder mania, doesnt impair functioning) or depressive episode

rapid cycling

have 4+ manic episodes a year

Bipolar disorder T2

hypomania episodes and depressive episodes

dysthmia

milder depression that is more chronic

major depressive disorder

recurrent episodes that last 2+ weeks. Sleep disturbances, decreased interest in pleasurable activities, guilt/hopelessness, decreased energy, decreased concentrtion, decreased activity, psychomotor retardation/agitation, suicidal agitation. May also have appetite and weight changes. Decreased dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. Increased activity of the HPA axis

postpartum depression

depression during or within 4 weeks post partum

seasonal depression

depression caused by winter