Respiratory System and Related Conditions

These flashcards cover key concepts and terms related to the respiratory system and various pulmonary conditions discussed in the lecture.

Upper Respiratory Tract (URT)

Includes structures above the vocal cords, such as the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx.

Lower Respiratory Tract (LRT)

Includes structures below the vocal cords, such as the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveolar ducts.

Pulmonary Congestion

Occurs as a result of venous stasis and causes damage to vessel walls, leading to the accumulation of fluid in the lungs.

Hydrostatic Pressure (HP)

The pressure exerted by fluids in the blood vessels that can contribute to pulmonary congestion when elevated.

Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema

Caused by issues related to the heart, such as left heart failure.

Non-Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema

Caused by factors other than heart dysfunction, such as pulmonary embolism or sepsis.

Tracheoesophageal Fistula

A congenital abnormality that creates an abnormal connection between the trachea and esophagus.

Pulmonary Hypoplasia

A condition characterized by underdeveloped lungs.

Diaphragmatic Hernia

A congenital defect where abdominal organs move into the chest cavity, affecting lung development.

Acute Lung Injury

Characterized by diffuse alveolar damage, leading to critical respiratory distress.

Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

A severe lung condition resulting in rapidly progressing respiratory failure; shows similar features to hyaline membrane disease in infants.

Pulmonary Infarction

Tissue death in the lungs due to inadequate blood supply, potentially resulting from embolism or trauma.

Vaso-occlusive Crisis

A complication seen in sickle cell disease that can lead to pulmonary complications.

Massive Blood Transfusion

Can lead to pulmonary edema and other complications due to changes in blood volume and pressure.

Necrosis

Tissue death resulting from insufficient blood supply, which may affect gas exchange in the lungs.