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Axial skeleton

Skull (cranial and facial), vertebral column (vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, thoracic bones (sternum and ribs)

Coronal suture

between frontal and parietal bones

Sagittal suture

between the parietal bones

Lambdoid suture

between the occipital and parietal bones

Squamous suture

between the parietal and temporal bones

Frontal bone

Bone at the forehead

Supraorbital foramen

notch above eye socket

Supraorbital margin

The superior rim of the eye socket located on the frontal bone.

Parietal(2) bone

Bones of the upper back part of the head

Temporal(2) bone

Bones that form the sides of the head

Mandibular fossa

Under skull, inward curve behind the zygomatic process

Carotid canal

Small hole above jugular foramen, under skull

Stylomastoid foramen

Intermediate to the mastoid process and the styloid process

Jugular foramen

Large hole bordering the temporal and occipital bone, under skull

foramen lacerum

Under skull, hole under the sphenoid bone

Mastoid Process

round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear

Styloid process

pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull

External acoustic meatus

ear canal

Internal acoustic meatus

Above the jugular foramen

Zygomatic process

a projection from the temporal bone that moves towards the zygomatic bone

Occipital bone

Bone of the back of the head

Foramen magnum

Hole for the brain stem

Occpital Condyles

Leaf-like slanted condyles above the foramen magnum

Hypoglossal canal

Just below the occipital condyles

external occipital protuberance

bump on back of head

Sphenoid bone

forms part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the orbit

Foramen ovale

Large oval on the inferior side of the sphenoid

Foramen spinosum

smaller inferior hole of the sphenoid

Foramen rotundem

Lateral to the sella turcica

Lesser wing

Inward curve of the sphenoid bone

sella turcica

Depression in the middle of the sphenoid bone

Optic canal

allows the optic nerve to pass to the eye

Optic canal

hole in eye socket (front of optic canal)

Superior orbital fissure

upper hole at the back of the eye

Inferior orbital fissure

Lower hole of the back of the eye (G)

Greater wing

Above the temporal bone towards the anterior side of the body

Ethmoid bone

forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium

crista galli

middle part of ethmoid bone

cribriform plate

The horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone separating the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity. (has holes)

Olfactory formina

small holes in cribriform plate

Perpendicular plate

upper part of nasal septum

Middle nasal conchae

Lateral to the perpendicular plate of the nose

Superior nasal conchae

Projections on the lateral side of the nasal cavity

Maxilla (2) bone

Upper jaw bone

Maxillary alveolar process

Top row of teeth sockets

Infraorbital foramen

Small hole under the eye

Palatine process

Extension of the palatine that points forwards

incisive foramen

hole at the roof of the mouth

Mandible bone

Lower jaw bone

Mandibular alveolar process

Lower sockets for teeth

Body

Middle of mandible

Ramus

Side of mandible, part of jaw

Angle

Corner when ramus begins its upward angle

Mental foramen

Small openings in the jaw bone through which blood vessels/nerves exit

Mental protuberance

Part of the mandible that forms the chin

Condylar process

process of the mandible that forms the jaw, meets with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

Coronoid process

Under the zygomatic bone, curves

Mandibular condyle

Articulation point of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

Mandibular notch

Curve of the mandible

Mandibular foramen

Hole inside of the mandible

Zygomatic (2) bone

cheek bone

Temporal process

arch of bone extending posteriorly from the zygomatic bone

Lacrimal bone

small fragile bone making up part of the front inner walls of each eye socket and providing room for the passage of the lacrimal ducts

Lacrimal fossa

Superior portion of the lacrimal bone

Nasal (2) bone

forms the bridge of the nose

Inferior nasal conchae

The lowermost scroll-shaped bones on the sidewalls of the nasal cavity.

Palatine (2) bone

either of two irregularly shaped bones that form the back of the hard palate and helps to form the nasal cavity and the floor of the orbits

Horizontal plate

forms the posterior portion of the hard palate

Vomer

nasal septum

The Vertebral Column

-Includes the Cervical(7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacral(5 fused), and coccygeal (3 or 4 fused bones) regions
-Articulates with the occipital condyles and the pelvis
-Intervertebral discs separate/cushion most vertebrae except C1, C2, and the fused vertebrae of the coccygeal and sacral region.

Spinal Curvatures

• Primary curvatures(kyphotic): retained by the thoracic and pelvic regions into adulthood. Helps displace weight for the internal organs

• Secondary curvature(lordotic): supports the head and torso in an upright position

Spinal disfigurements

Scoliosis: lateral shift of the vertebral column
Kyphosis: exaggeration of the thoracic region
Lordosis: exaggeration of the lumbar region

Vertebra structures

Body: plate that typically meets with fibrocartilage
Vertebral foramen: encircles the spinal cord
Vertebral arch: makes up walls of vertebral foramen
Transverse processes: bones that protrude outwards
Spinous process: Protrudes upwards, the tip pointing down
Lamina: connects the transverse and spinous processes
Pedicles: connect the body with the transverse processes
Intervertebral foramina: hole for nerves and vessels that forms between two vertebra

Articular processes and facets

Superior and inferior articular processes
-Two superior and two inferior projections that articulate with adjacent vertebrae
Superior and inferior articular facets
- Flat surface of each articular process
-Superior articular facets face posteriorly
-Inferior articular facets face anteriorly

Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)

-Have transverse foramina for veins and nerves (lateral openings in transverse processes)
-thin due to only supporting the head
- some have a bifid spinal process (looks like a Y) (C2-C6)

C1-Atlas

• holds the head up, articulates with the occipital condyles

• has no body or spinous process, has posterior and anterior arch

C2-Axis

-allows for head rotation, dens acts as point of rotation for the atlas
-Odontoid process or dens (serves as spinous process)
-Body appears to sit right side up

Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

Vertebrae articulate with 12 pairs of ribs, which create unique surface features
-Superior costal(rib) facets: on superior side of the vertebral body, articulates with the head of the superior rib
-Inferior costal facets: on the inferior side of the vertebral body, articulates with the head of the inferior rib
-Transverse costal facet: on the transverse process, articulates with the tubercle of the corresponding rib

The superior and inferior articular facets are NOT on the vertebral body
Rib articulates with TWO vertebra at the inferior and superior costal facets

Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)

-large oval or kidney shaped bodies
-large hatchet-shaped spinous processes

Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)

-lines show fusion of vertebrae
-Sacral tuberosity: between lateral sacral crest and auricular surface, serves as an attachment site for ligaments of the sacroiliac joint

Median sacral crest

results from the fusion of the spinous processes

Lateral sacral crest

lateral sacral crest: results from the fusion of the transverse processes

Auricular surface

is a flattened area that articulates with the coccyx

Sacral tuberosity

between lateral sacral crest and auricular surface, serves as an attachment site for ligaments of the sacroiliac joint
(the yellow box in the picture)
-allow ligament and tendon attachement

ala of sacrum

Wing-like masses of the sacrum

Sacral canal

continuation of vertebral canal

Sacral hiatus

inferior opening of the sacral canal

sacral foramina

holes in sacrum

sacral prominence

most anterior, superior part

Coccyx (3-4 fused bones)

Vicegeral tail

Thoracic cage

Protects organs of the thoracic cavity
-serves as attachment for various muscles
-aids in ventilation
-vertebral column position
-moves pectoral girdle and upper limbs
-costal cartilage allows for flexibility for breathing
Includes:
sternum, costal cartilage, 12 pairs of ribs, and the thoracic vertebrae

The sternum

Composed of 3 fused bones:
Manubrium: superior portion
-Jugular notch: notch at superior border
-Clavicular notches: on lateral sides of the jugular notch
-Sternal angle: joint between the manubrium and the body
Body: largest portion
-articulates with costal cartilage of rib pairs 2-7
Xiphoid process: inferior portion

Ribs

-True ribs (1-7) attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilage
-Vertebrochondral ribs (8-10) shared costal cartilage with rib 7
-Floating ribs (11-12) only attach to vertebrae

Rib parts

Head: articulates with vertebral bodies, superior articular facet articulates with the body of superior vertebra. Inferior articular facet articulates with the body on inferior vertebra
Neck: behind the head
Tubercle: Bumpy portion under rib has facet that articulates with the transverse costal facet of vertebrae
Costal groove: runs along the inferior side of the rib