The 5 Theories in Child Growth and Development (CGDR)

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Abraham Maslow and
the Hierarchy of Needs

Level 1-Physical

Level 2-Comfort and Safety

Level 3-Social

Level 4-Esteem needs(confidence and importance)

Level 5-Self-actualization needs

Erik Eriksons Eight
Conflicts in Emotional Development

Infant-Trust vs Mistrust

Toddler-Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Preschooler-Initiative vs Guilt

Grade School-Industry vs Inferiority

High school-Identity vs Role Confusion

Early Adult-Intimacy vs Isolation

Middle Adult- Generativity vs Stagnation

Late Adult-Integrity vs Despair

Jean Piagets Four Stages
of Cognitive Development

1. Sensorimotor: 0-2 years old

2. Preoperational: 2-7 years old

3. Concrete-Operational: 7-11 years old

4. Formal Operations: 11 years old and older

Lev Vygotsky Theory
of Cognitive Development

• Children acquire knowledge through culture.

• Culture instructs children on what to think and how to think.

• Learning occurs through problem-solving experiences with knowledgeable adults or peers.

  • Initially, the adult/peer guides learning; responsibility shifts to the child over time (scaffolding).

Maria Montessori Child-Center
Learning Environments

Advocated for children’s independence in a clean, beautiful, and organized environment.

Involves caregivers who guide children in understanding order and responsibility.

Sensorimotor

0-2

Children learn through sensory perception and motor activity.

Preoperational

2-7

Children are bound by what they experience directly and not by what they think. Children begin to use symbols (one thing that represents another). For example, using sand to make a cake. Children are egocentric; their thinking centers on themselves. They can’t see things from another point of view or from another perspective. For example, they do not realize that when they stand in front of the TV, no one else can see it.

Concrete Operational

7-11

Children become more rational in their thinking. For example, realizing that Santa Claus probably doesn't exist.

Formal Operations

11+

The final stage of cognitive development, in which thinking becomes very abstract. Children think beyond the present and think about ideal situations.

Principle 1

Developmental Sequence is Similar for All

Principle 2

Development Proceeds from General to Specific

Principle 3

Development is Continuous

Principle 4

Development Proceeds at Different Rates

Principle 5

All Areas of Development are Interrelated

Development

Development usually involves a progression along a continuous pathway on which the child acquires more refined knowledge, behaviors, and skills. The sequence is basically the same for all children, however, the rate varies.

Growth

specific body changes and increases in the child’s size, such as a child’s height, weight, head circumference, and body mass index.