ANTH 111 EXAM 1

anthropology

anthropology

the study of human condition including biology, technology, language, culture, history, prehistory, etc

cultural anthropology

the study of human societies in a cross-cultural perspective

biological anthropology

the study of human biology within the framework of evolution - interaction b/w biology and culture

linguistic anthropology

Form, function, and social context of language

archaeology

The study of how people used to live, based on the material culture they left behind

instincts

an inborn pattern of activity or tendency - more in animal babies than human

culture

traditions and customs transmitted through learning that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them

franz boas

father of anthropology, rejected racism, sexism, ethnocentrism

ethnocentrism

The idea that your culture is better than others

Cultural Relativism

The viewpoint the behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture

Kluckholm

believes people differ bc they were brought up that way

society

A group of people who interact more with each other than with others

enculturation

The social process by which culture is learned and transmitted (within generations, across generations, or across societies)

universals

found in every culture

independent invention

the act of creating something new without being influenced by or copying someone else's work

diffusion

the spread of cultural items, such as ideas, languages, religions, technologies, and styles, from one culture to another or within a single culture

Agency and Practice

the ability of people to act freely and make their own choices within a socio-cultural context

culture is always __________

changing!

Research Designs Methods

participant observation, life history, genealogical method, survey

American Anthropological Association Code of Ethics

all research has to be ethical

Informed Consent

after having been informed of the goals of the research, informants formally agree to take part in the research

informants

any person who provides the anthropologist with information

longitudinal research

long-term study of a community, society, culture, or other unit

marriage

a relationship between one or more men (male or female sex) and one or more women (female or male sex) who are recognized by society as having a continuing claim to the right to sexual access to one another.

monogamy

most common form of marriage worldwide

polygyny

marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time

polyandry

marriage of a woman to two or more men at one time

family

two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption

household

basic residential unit in which economic production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing, and/or shelter are organized and carried out

residence patterns

who are people going to live with

patrilocal

husband's father's relatives

matrilocal

wife's mother's relatives

ambilocal

can choose either relatives

neolocal

move away from both relatives

descent

who's your "family"

patrilineal

automatic membership in a father's group

matrilineal

automatic membership in a mother's group

bilateral

traced through both paternal and maternal lines

The Hopi

matrilineal and matrilocal, patriarchy

Chickasaw Nation

the 13 largest Native American Nation on the US with 38k members today

sex

refers to biological differences

XY

boy

XX

girl

Sexual Dimorphism

refers to the physiological differences between males and females

intersex

have testes, no uterus, no penis (23XY)

sexual orientation

one's identity in relation to who they are sexually attracted to or who they have sex with

gender

refers to the cultural construction of masculine and feminine characteristics that may or may not correlate with the biological underpinnings of sex

Gender Roles and Gendered Division of Labor

biologically, women are more equipped to feed babies, but there is nothing biological about men hunting

Hijras

neither men or women, but a third gender

Sacred and Profane

Life is usually predictable, but occasionally exciting. We often can find some explanation for what we experience, but life is also mysterious

The Extraordinary

Myths, rituals, magic, and religion are all ways of framing certain activities as distinct from everyday life

Biological Concept of Race

Biological species concept of race is a geographically (hence, reproductively) isolated subdivision of a species or subspecies

race

any of the groups into which humans can be divided according to their physical characteristics (skin color, hair type/color, eye/nose shape)

Genetic diversity is the result of..

migrations

most genetic diversity in.... because...

in AFRICA because WE HAVE LIVED THERE THE LONGEST

biological sense of race

There are no races in the biological sense of distinct division of the human species, not even genetically

1912 Study of Cranial Dimensions of Immigrants

Used to be thought that cranial size was correlated with race and intelligence -- found size is based on nutrition

ethnic group

a group of people distinguished by cultural similarities

Ethnicity and race

not synonymous, although american culture mostly does not discriminate

social construct

a category created and developed by a society, and a perception of a group that is constructed through cultural or social practice

stereotype

a widely held, fixed, and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing that pigeon hole's someone

racism

prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism against a person or people on the basis of their membership in a particular racial or ethnic group, typically one that is a minority or marginalized

fascism

a far-right form of government in which most of the country's power is held by one ruler or a small group, under a single party

environmental anthropology

relationship between humans and their environment

• how envi impacts human culture

• how culture impacts envi

• how anthropogenic envi impact culture

traditional ecological knowledge (or native science)

a cumulative body of knowledge, belief, or practices about the environment handed down from one generation to the next

• specific to a specific landscape

• if one generation fails to pass on knowledge, it’s lost forever

• time sensitive

• can be written down and curated