Studied by 6 people
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anthropology
the study of human condition including biology, technology, language, culture, history, prehistory, etc
cultural anthropology
the study of human societies in a cross-cultural perspective
biological anthropology
the study of human biology within the framework of evolution - interaction b/w biology and culture
linguistic anthropology
Form, function, and social context of language
archaeology
The study of how people used to live, based on the material culture they left behind
instincts
an inborn pattern of activity or tendency - more in animal babies than human
culture
traditions and customs transmitted through learning that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them
franz boas
father of anthropology, rejected racism, sexism, ethnocentrism
ethnocentrism
The idea that your culture is better than others
Cultural Relativism
The viewpoint the behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture
Kluckholm
believes people differ bc they were brought up that way
society
A group of people who interact more with each other than with others
enculturation
The social process by which culture is learned and transmitted (within generations, across generations, or across societies)
universals
found in every culture
independent invention
the act of creating something new without being influenced by or copying someone else's work
diffusion
the spread of cultural items, such as ideas, languages, religions, technologies, and styles, from one culture to another or within a single culture
Agency and Practice
the ability of people to act freely and make their own choices within a socio-cultural context
culture is always __________
changing!
Research Designs Methods
participant observation, life history, genealogical method, survey
American Anthropological Association Code of Ethics
all research has to be ethical
Informed Consent
after having been informed of the goals of the research, informants formally agree to take part in the research
informants
any person who provides the anthropologist with information
longitudinal research
long-term study of a community, society, culture, or other unit
marriage
a relationship between one or more men (male or female sex) and one or more women (female or male sex) who are recognized by society as having a continuing claim to the right to sexual access to one another.
monogamy
most common form of marriage worldwide
polygyny
marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time
polyandry
marriage of a woman to two or more men at one time
family
two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption
household
basic residential unit in which economic production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing, and/or shelter are organized and carried out
residence patterns
who are people going to live with
patrilocal
husband's father's relatives
matrilocal
wife's mother's relatives
ambilocal
can choose either relatives
neolocal
move away from both relatives
descent
who's your "family"
patrilineal
automatic membership in a father's group
matrilineal
automatic membership in a mother's group
bilateral
traced through both paternal and maternal lines
The Hopi
matrilineal and matrilocal, patriarchy
Chickasaw Nation
the 13 largest Native American Nation on the US with 38k members today
sex
refers to biological differences
XY
boy
XX
girl
Sexual Dimorphism
refers to the physiological differences between males and females
intersex
have testes, no uterus, no penis (23XY)
sexual orientation
one's identity in relation to who they are sexually attracted to or who they have sex with
gender
refers to the cultural construction of masculine and feminine characteristics that may or may not correlate with the biological underpinnings of sex
Gender Roles and Gendered Division of Labor
biologically, women are more equipped to feed babies, but there is nothing biological about men hunting
Hijras
neither men or women, but a third gender
Sacred and Profane
Life is usually predictable, but occasionally exciting. We often can find some explanation for what we experience, but life is also mysterious
The Extraordinary
Myths, rituals, magic, and religion are all ways of framing certain activities as distinct from everyday life
Biological Concept of Race
Biological species concept of race is a geographically (hence, reproductively) isolated subdivision of a species or subspecies
race
any of the groups into which humans can be divided according to their physical characteristics (skin color, hair type/color, eye/nose shape)
Genetic diversity is the result of..
migrations
most genetic diversity in.... because...
in AFRICA because WE HAVE LIVED THERE THE LONGEST
biological sense of race
There are no races in the biological sense of distinct division of the human species, not even genetically
1912 Study of Cranial Dimensions of Immigrants
Used to be thought that cranial size was correlated with race and intelligence -- found size is based on nutrition
ethnic group
a group of people distinguished by cultural similarities
Ethnicity and race
not synonymous, although american culture mostly does not discriminate
social construct
a category created and developed by a society, and a perception of a group that is constructed through cultural or social practice
stereotype
a widely held, fixed, and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing that pigeon hole's someone
racism
prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism against a person or people on the basis of their membership in a particular racial or ethnic group, typically one that is a minority or marginalized
fascism
a far-right form of government in which most of the country's power is held by one ruler or a small group, under a single party
environmental anthropology
relationship between humans and their environment
how envi impacts human culture
how culture impacts envi
how anthropogenic envi impact culture
traditional ecological knowledge (or native science)
a cumulative body of knowledge, belief, or practices about the environment handed down from one generation to the next
specific to a specific landscape
if one generation fails to pass on knowledge, it’s lost forever
time sensitive
can be written down and curated
