Period 6 terms

Sand Creek Massacre

A tragic event in 1864 where a Colorado militia killed over 150 Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians, mostly women and children, despite them having surrendered.

Treaty of Fort Laramie

An 1851 agreement aimed at establishing peace between the U.S. government and Native American tribes by defining territory and ensuring protection.

George Custer

A U.S. Army officer known for his reckless actions during the Indian Wars, particularly at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876.

Little Bighorn/Greasy Grass

The site of the 1876 battle where George Custer's forces were defeated by a coalition of Native American tribes.

Reservation System

A policy that designated specific areas for Native American tribes to live, often reducing their traditional lands.

Impact of Helen Hunt Jackson & A Century of Dishonor

Jackson’s 1881 book highlighted injustices against Native Americans and called for reform.

Dawes Severalty Act

An 1887 law aimed at assimilating Native Americans by allotting them individual plots of land and granting them U.S. citizenship.

Ghost Dance

A spiritual movement among Native Americans that aimed to restore their way of life, ultimately leading to the Wounded Knee Massacre.

Wounded Knee

The site of a 1890 massacre where U.S. troops killed over 200 Lakota Indians, marking the end of major Native American resistance.

Laissez faire

An economic philosophy advocating minimal government intervention in business affairs.

Vertical Integration

A business strategy where a company owns all aspects of production to increase efficiency and control costs.

Horizontal Integration

A strategy where a company acquires or merges with competitors to increase market share.

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869, it connected the eastern U.S. with the West, facilitating trade, travel, and westward expansion.

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

Established in 1887 to regulate railroad rates and practices, marking the first federal attempt to control interstate commerce.

Vanderbilt’s Railroads

Cornelius Vanderbilt was instrumental in the consolidation and expansion of the American railroad system, creating major lines.

Rockefeller's Oil

John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil and used horizontal integration to dominate the American oil industry.

Carnegie's Steel

Andrew Carnegie revolutionized steel production via vertical integration, making him a leading industrialist.

Morgan's Banking

J.P. Morgan was a powerful banker who facilitated the consolidation of industries and created major corporate finance operations.

“Gilded Age”

Refers to the late 19th century in America, marked by economic growth, industrialization, and stark social issues.

Social Darwinism

A belief that applied Darwin’s theories of evolution to society, suggesting that the strongest individuals or groups will succeed.

The Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie’s belief that the wealthy had a duty to distribute their riches for the greater good.

Tenements

Urban apartment buildings that were often overcrowded and poorly maintained, housing many immigrants in major cities.

Jacob Riis and How the Other Half Lives

Riis was a journalist and social reformer who exposed the harsh realities of tenement life through his photography and writings.

Knights of Labor and Terence Powderly

A prominent labor organization in the late 19th century led by Powderly, advocating for workers' rights and inclusive membership.

The Rise of “Machine” Politics

Political systems in cities where corrupt political parties used patronage and favoritism to maintain power.

“Boss” Tweed

Leader of New York City's Tammany Hall, Tweed was notorious for political corruption and embezzlement.

Thomas Nast

A political cartoonist whose work helped to expose the corruption of Boss Tweed, aiding in his eventual downfall.

Social Gospel

A religious movement that emerged in the late 19th century, advocating for social justice and the improvement of society through Christian ethics.

Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Founded in the late 19th century, this organization promoted temperance and women's rights, fighting against the consumption of alcohol.

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

An organization formed in 1890 to advocate for women’s suffrage in the United States.

Jane Addams and the Settlement House Movement

Addams was a reformer best known for her work in establishing Hull House, which provided social services to immigrants.

Haymarket “Affair”

An 1886 labor protest in Chicago that turned violent, leading to a backlash against labor movements.

American Federation of Labor (AFL) and Samuel Gompers

A national organization of labor unions led by Gompers, focusing on skilled workers and advocating for better wages and working conditions.

Populist movement to political party?

The Populist movement of the late 19th century evolved into a political party that sought to represent agrarian interests and the working class.

The Socialist Party and Utopian Idealists?

A political party that emerged in the early 20th century advocating for social reform and the establishment of a more equitable society.

Horatio Alger

An author known for his novels about young boys who achieve success through hard work and determination, illustrating the American Dream.

Great Uprising of 1877

A major nationwide railroad strike triggered by wage cuts, highlighting labor discontent and leading to violent clashes.

Chinese Exclusion Act

A 1882 law that prohibited Chinese laborers from immigrating to the U.S., reflecting growing nativism and racial prejudice.

Sherman Antitrust Act

An 1890 law designed to combat anti-competitive practices and monopolies in the U.S. economy.

Bimetallism/“Free Silver”/”Cross of Gold” speech

Advocacy for a monetary system using both gold and silver to back currency, famously supported by William Jennings Bryan in his speech.

William Jennings Bryan

A three-time presidential candidate known for his populist views and advocacy of bimetallism.

William McKinley

The 25th President of the United States, whose administration was marked by the Spanish-American War and economic prosperity.

Election of 1896

A pivotal election featuring William McKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan, focusing on economic issues like bimetallism.

Alfred Thayer Mahan & The Influence of Sea Power Upon American History 1660-1783

A historic work arguing that naval power was crucial for national greatness and global domination.

Hawai’i

Annexed by the U.S. in 1898, Hawaii was strategically significant for military and economic reasons.

“Yellow” Journalism

Sensationalist news reporting that exaggerated events to provoke public interest, particularly during the Spanish-American War.

USS Maine

A U.S. Navy battleship whose explosion in Havana Harbor in 1898 sparked the onset of the Spanish-American War.

Spanish-American War

A conflict in 1898 between the U.S. and Spain, leading to U.S. territorial gains including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Open Door Policy

A U.S. policy aimed at ensuring equal trading rights in China and preventing colonial powers from monopolizing Chinese markets.