unit 8 respiratory anatomy

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66 Terms

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mouth, nose, sinuses, and pharynx

upper airway

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back of mouth

oropharynx

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back of nose

nasopharynx

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nasal septum

nasal passages are divided into right and left sides by the _____

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sinus cavities

_____are air-filled spaces named for the facial bones within which they are located

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maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal

sinus cavities include:

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cilia

tiny hairs within the nasal cavity that help filter the air by removing debris

move in a wavelike fashion to propel debris forward

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3

right lung has ___ lobes

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2

left lung has __ lobes

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pleura

lungs are covered in 2 thin membranes called ____

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visceral pleura

lies directly on lungs

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parietal pleura

lines inner wall of the thorax

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intrapleural

____means the area between the visceral and parietal pleura

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alveoli (air sacs)

air travels all the way down to the ____

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capillaries and alveoli

gases easily pass through the walls of the ______

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acidic

the buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood causes our blood to become more _____

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7.35-7.45

to be healthy, our blood must remain slightly alkaline, within the range of ______on the pH scale

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decreases

while blood becomes more acidic, its pH level_____, triggering the urge to breathe

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respiratory system

the system which delivers oxygen to the body and removes CO2 from the body

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cellular respiration

we need oxygen so that our cells can complete _____ and create ATP

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pulmonary ventilation

another name for breathing

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inspiration

inhalation or breathing in: air moves into the lungs from the atmosphere

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expiration

exhalation or breathing out: air moves out of the lungs into the atmosphere

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external respiration

happens in the lungs

O2 diffuses out from the lungs into the blood

CO2 diffuses into the lungs from the blood

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transport of O2 and CO2

the cardiovascular system transports gases using blood

O2 is transported from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body

CO2 is transported from the tissue cells of the body to the lungs

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internal respiration

happens at the tissue cells

O2 diffuses out from the blood into the tissue cells

CO2 diffuses into the blood from the tissue cells

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nasal cavity

hollow area behind the nose

rich in mucus: membranes (moisten air)

warms air as it travels to the lungs

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nose

full of hair and mucus to trap microbes and dust

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pharynx

the throat

splits into the esophagus and larynx

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epiglottis

“door” at the top of the larynx

opens during breathing

closes during eating

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lungs

pair of organs in the thoracic cavity

consists largely of air spaces

site of breathing

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alveoli

thin-walled air sacs in the lungs

covered in capillaries

the specific site of external respiration

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larynx

the voice box

passes air to the trachea

houses the vocal cords

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trachea

the windpipe

passes from the larynx to the lungs

supported by rings of cartilage

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bronchi

two branches (right and left) at the bottom of the trachea

each leads to a lung

branch further into the lungs

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bronchioles

small branches within the lungs

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diaphragm

dome-shaped skeletal muscle “wall” beneath the lungs

contracts to cause inspiration ↓

relaxes to cause expiration ↑

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high, low

air that enters the alveoli during inspiration is ___ in O2 and ___ in CO2

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CO2, O2

blood in the capillaries is high in ____ and low in ___

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O2

what enters the alveoli and diffuses through the alveolar membranes into the capillary walls where it dissolves into the blood to be delivered to the tissue cells?

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CO2

what arrives at the alveoli via the blood (from the tissue cells) and diffuses through the capillary walls and alveolar membranes into the alveoli where it is eliminated during expiration?

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plasma

when oxygen dissolved into the blood, a small amount remains dissolved where?

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95-98%

what percentage of oxygen moves into the red blood cells

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hemoglobin

oxygen combines with what iron-containing protein?

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4

each hemoglobin contains __ iron atoms

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1

each iron atom can bind to ___ oxygen molecule

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four

each hemoglobin molecule can carry up to ___ oxygen molecules (spell out the number)

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250

each red blood cell contains ___ million hemoglobin molecules

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1 billion

how many oxygen molecules can one red blood cell carry

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higher

when it reaches the tissue cells, is the concentration of oxygen higher or lower in the blood than in the body tissues?

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surrounding cells

when oxygen is released from hemoglobin and diffuses out of the capillaries, where does it diffuse into

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out, into

the concentration of CO2 is higher in the tissue cells (due to cellular respiration), so it diffuses ___ of the cells and ___ the blood

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7%

what percentage of CO2 dissolves into the plasma

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23%

what percentage of CO2 binds to hemoglobin

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70%

what percentage of CO2 in the blood reacts with water

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bicarbonate ions

when CO2 in blood reacts with water, what does it form

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convert back into CO2 and water

what do the bicarbonate ions do once they reach the lungs

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lungs, exhaled

when bicarbonate is converted back into CO2 and water, the CO2 diffuses into the ___ from the blood and is ___ into the atmosphere

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diaphragm and rib muscles

what two muscles help you breathe

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diaphragm 2

a large skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity 2

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contract

when diaphragm and rib muscles do this, volume of lungs increases and air is forced into the lungs

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relax

when diaphragm and rib muscles do this, volume of lungs decreases and air is forced out of the lungs

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brain and brain stem

what two things controls breathing rate

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brain stem

what monitors the concentration of CO2 in the blood

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increase

as cell activity increases, more CO2 is produced and carried in blood. Brain stem senses this increase and stimulates the diaphragm to ___ breathing rate

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decrease

as cell activity decreases, less CO2 is produced and carried in blood. Brain stem senses this decrease and stimulates the diaphragm to ___ breathing rate