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mouth, nose, sinuses, and pharynx
upper airway
back of mouth
oropharynx
back of nose
nasopharynx
nasal septum
nasal passages are divided into right and left sides by the _____
sinus cavities
_____are air-filled spaces named for the facial bones within which they are located
maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal
sinus cavities include:
cilia
tiny hairs within the nasal cavity that help filter the air by removing debris
move in a wavelike fashion to propel debris forward
3
right lung has ___ lobes
2
left lung has __ lobes
pleura
lungs are covered in 2 thin membranes called ____
visceral pleura
lies directly on lungs
parietal pleura
lines inner wall of the thorax
intrapleural
____means the area between the visceral and parietal pleura
alveoli (air sacs)
air travels all the way down to the ____
capillaries and alveoli
gases easily pass through the walls of the ______
acidic
the buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood causes our blood to become more _____
7.35-7.45
to be healthy, our blood must remain slightly alkaline, within the range of ______on the pH scale
decreases
while blood becomes more acidic, its pH level_____, triggering the urge to breathe
respiratory system
the system which delivers oxygen to the body and removes CO2 from the body
cellular respiration
we need oxygen so that our cells can complete _____ and create ATP
pulmonary ventilation
another name for breathing
inspiration
inhalation or breathing in: air moves into the lungs from the atmosphere
expiration
exhalation or breathing out: air moves out of the lungs into the atmosphere
external respiration
happens in the lungs
O2 diffuses out from the lungs into the blood
CO2 diffuses into the lungs from the blood
transport of O2 and CO2
the cardiovascular system transports gases using blood
O2 is transported from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body
CO2 is transported from the tissue cells of the body to the lungs
internal respiration
happens at the tissue cells
O2 diffuses out from the blood into the tissue cells
CO2 diffuses into the blood from the tissue cells
nasal cavity
hollow area behind the nose
rich in mucus: membranes (moisten air)
warms air as it travels to the lungs
nose
full of hair and mucus to trap microbes and dust
pharynx
the throat
splits into the esophagus and larynx
epiglottis
“door” at the top of the larynx
opens during breathing
closes during eating
lungs
pair of organs in the thoracic cavity
consists largely of air spaces
site of breathing
alveoli
thin-walled air sacs in the lungs
covered in capillaries
the specific site of external respiration
larynx
the voice box
passes air to the trachea
houses the vocal cords
trachea
the windpipe
passes from the larynx to the lungs
supported by rings of cartilage
bronchi
two branches (right and left) at the bottom of the trachea
each leads to a lung
branch further into the lungs
bronchioles
small branches within the lungs
diaphragm
dome-shaped skeletal muscle “wall” beneath the lungs
contracts to cause inspiration ↓
relaxes to cause expiration ↑
high, low
air that enters the alveoli during inspiration is ___ in O2 and ___ in CO2
CO2, O2
blood in the capillaries is high in ____ and low in ___
O2
what enters the alveoli and diffuses through the alveolar membranes into the capillary walls where it dissolves into the blood to be delivered to the tissue cells?
CO2
what arrives at the alveoli via the blood (from the tissue cells) and diffuses through the capillary walls and alveolar membranes into the alveoli where it is eliminated during expiration?
plasma
when oxygen dissolved into the blood, a small amount remains dissolved where?
95-98%
what percentage of oxygen moves into the red blood cells
hemoglobin
oxygen combines with what iron-containing protein?
4
each hemoglobin contains __ iron atoms
1
each iron atom can bind to ___ oxygen molecule
four
each hemoglobin molecule can carry up to ___ oxygen molecules (spell out the number)
250
each red blood cell contains ___ million hemoglobin molecules
1 billion
how many oxygen molecules can one red blood cell carry
higher
when it reaches the tissue cells, is the concentration of oxygen higher or lower in the blood than in the body tissues?
surrounding cells
when oxygen is released from hemoglobin and diffuses out of the capillaries, where does it diffuse into
out, into
the concentration of CO2 is higher in the tissue cells (due to cellular respiration), so it diffuses ___ of the cells and ___ the blood
7%
what percentage of CO2 dissolves into the plasma
23%
what percentage of CO2 binds to hemoglobin
70%
what percentage of CO2 in the blood reacts with water
bicarbonate ions
when CO2 in blood reacts with water, what does it form
convert back into CO2 and water
what do the bicarbonate ions do once they reach the lungs
lungs, exhaled
when bicarbonate is converted back into CO2 and water, the CO2 diffuses into the ___ from the blood and is ___ into the atmosphere
diaphragm and rib muscles
what two muscles help you breathe
diaphragm 2
a large skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity 2
contract
when diaphragm and rib muscles do this, volume of lungs increases and air is forced into the lungs
relax
when diaphragm and rib muscles do this, volume of lungs decreases and air is forced out of the lungs
brain and brain stem
what two things controls breathing rate
brain stem
what monitors the concentration of CO2 in the blood
increase
as cell activity increases, more CO2 is produced and carried in blood. Brain stem senses this increase and stimulates the diaphragm to ___ breathing rate
decrease
as cell activity decreases, less CO2 is produced and carried in blood. Brain stem senses this decrease and stimulates the diaphragm to ___ breathing rate