Immigration, Industry and Progressive Era

What are the reasons immigrants left their home countries?(Push)

Poverty, war, famine, religious persecution, lack of jobs, oppressive governments

Why did immigrants come to the USA?(Pull)

Economic opportunities, religious freedom, political stability, promise of a better life (the American Dream)

When was the time period known as Old Immigration?

Early 1800s-1880s

What nationality of immigrants came to the US during Old Immigration?

Irish, Germans, British, Scandinavians (Northern and Western Europeans)

When was the time period known as New Immigration?

Late 1800s-1920s

What nationality of immigrants came to the US during New Immigration?

Italians, Poles, Russians, Greeks, Jews (Southern and Eastern Europeans)

Where are Ellis Island & Angel Island, which nationalities of immigrants would travel through each of these places?

New York Harbor, European immigrants. San Francisco Bay, Asian immigrants

What is Nativism, why were nativists against immigration?

A belief that native-born citizens were superior to immigrants. Against immigration because native-born citizens feared job competition and cultural differences.

What was the Chinese Exclusion Act, why was it passed?

Law that banned Chinese immigration to the U.S.. It was passed due to economic fears and racial prejudice, many Americans blamed Chinese workers for taking jobs.

What was the Immigration Act of 1924, what group of immigrants did it impact the most?

Law that limited immigration, restricted Southern and Eastern Europeans and nearly banning Asians

What are Ethnic Enclaves?

Neighborhoods where immigrants from the same country settled together, preserving their culture and language.

What are some examples of ethnic enclaves in the U.S?

Chinatown, Little Italy, Koreatown

What is a Monopoly?

A single company or group controlling an entire industry, eliminating competition

Who ran the monopoly on oil in the US?

John D. Rockefeller

Who ran the monopoly on steel in the US?

Andrew Carnegie

What is the vertical integration model of monopoly?

Monopoly that controls all aspects of production

What is the horizontal model of monopoly?

Monopoly that dominates one step of production by buying out competitors

What is “Laissez-faire government”, how did this help lead to monopolies?

A policy where the government does not interfere in business. Helped monopolies form by allowing businesses to grow unchecked.

What is Social Darwinism, what impact did this have on society?

Social “survival of the fittest” in terms of business and society. Justified big businesses dominance and discouraged the government to help the poor.

What is the purpose of a Labor Union?

To fight for better wages, hours and working conditions for workers

What is Progressivism/ the Progressive Movement?

It aimed to fix social and political problems caused by industrialization

What led to the rise of the progressive movement?

Poor working conditions, political corruption, monopolies, social injustices

What impact did the progressive movement have on society?

Led to labor laws, women’s rights, consumer protections, and government regulations on businesses

What is a Muckraker?

A journalist who exposed corruption and social injustices during the Progressive Era

What was Jacob Riis known for?

A muckraker known for his book “How the Other Half Lives”, which exposed poor living conditions in NYC slums

What book did Upton Sinclair write?

“The Jungle”, which exposed the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry

The 16th Progressive Constitutional Amendment

Allowed Congress to collect income taxes

The 17th Progressive Constitutional Amendment

Allowed direct election of U.S. Senators

The 18th Progressive Constitutional Amendment

Prohibited alcohol

The 19th Progressive Constitutional Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

What was the goal of the Temperance Movement?

To ban alcohol, believing it caused social problems like crime and poverty

What is Capitalism?

Economic system where businesses are privately owned and operate for profit

What is Socialism?

Economic system where the government controls industries to promote equality

What was the goal of the Women’s Suffrage Movement?

To secure women’s right to vote

What happened at the Seneca Falls Convention?

The Declaration of Sentiments was written, demanding gender equality

Eugene Debs

Union leader, socialist, fought for workers’ rights

Samuel Gompers

Immigrant who was against immigration, founder of the American Federation of Labor

Andrew Carnegie

First one to mass produce steel, ran the steel industry

Sir Henry Bessemer

Inventor, made strong steel

J.P. Morgan

Banker, industrialist, financed industrial expansion

John D. Rockefeller

Philanthropist, founder of Standard Oil, dominated the oil industry

Cornelius Vanderbilt

“Commodore”, controlled railroads and shipping

Henry Ford

Industrialist, made affordable cars

Wright Brothers

Inventors, invented and flew the first plane

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor, invented the first telephone, “Mr. Watson, come here; I want you.”

Thomas Edison

Inventor, invented the light bulb and phonograph

George Washington Carver

Farmer, former slave, promoted peanut-based products (and sweet potatoes)

Mary Harris Jones (“Mother Jones”)

Union organizer, labor activist, fought for workers’ rights, “grandmother of all agitators”