intro to nuclear pharmacy

radiopharmaceuticals

radioactive isotopes tagged to radiopharmaceuticals

general NM procedures use ___ than PET

different radiopharmaceuticals

each isotope has unique characteristics, such as

half life and energy

each drug has unique characteristics such as

pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, side effects

radiopharmacy: production

radioactivity is collected, measured, prepared

radiopharmacy: kit preparation

radioactivity is tagged to different drugs

radiopharmacy: quality control

qc testing performed on radiopharmaceuticals

radiopharmacy: unit doses

pt doses are drawn from bulk/kits

RAM packages

received and shipped per DOT/NRC regulations

prep space and courier service

on site doses packaged for delivery, pigs are cleaned

ante room

before entering sterile room, where sterile attire is put on

in vitro lab

qc testing on kits

well counters

contamination wipe tests, invitro sample counting

invitro studies include

GFR, plasma vol, urea breath test

PET radiopharmaceuticals have what characteristics

high energy, short half life

what energy level are PET RPs at

511 keV

cyclotron

particle accelerator

hot cell

robotically handle radioactivity

NM imaging: diagnostic

based on distribution pattern of RP in body

NM imaging: functional

related to accumulation or removal of RP in organ/tissue

NM imaging: morphological

info regarding size, shape, position of lesions

in vivo

inside living body

in vitro

outside body in controlled environment

in vivo/in vitro measures…

organ system/function on basis of absorption, dilution, concentration, excretion of radioactivity after RP administration

with in vivio/vitro, patient excreta samples are

collected and measured directly

NM imaging: therapeutic

curative/palliative treatment using radioactivity to destroy certain tissues or cell types

radioactivity discovered in

1896

in 1920s/30s, radiotracers were first used in

medical procedures

in 1946, AEA passed and the creation of what happened

atomic energy commission (AEC)

atomic energy act of 1954

gives authority to aec over prod. of RPs

in 1950s/60s, what was introduced

Tc-99m generator, contributed to rise of NM as a field

in the 70s, AEC began doing what

issuing product materials licenses to commercial radiopharms; instant kits began being developed, variety of NM proc. performed

Tl-201 used for

myocardial scans

Sr-89 used for

pain reduction in mets. bone disease

vandy NMT program began when?

1971

what did the AEC become in 1975

the nuclear regulatory commission (NRC)

1977: FDA required…

manufacturers to get approved new drug application for new/existing RPs

1980s- what was approved and expanded?

NM RP development expanded, especially Tc-99m, MIBG approved for imaging adrenergic tumors, PET developed and FDA approved Rb-82

2000/10s, refinement of what modality

PET; fda required PET RPs to go through new approval process

present day, we see a rise in what

theranostics and advanced treatment monitoring

united states pharmacopeia (USP)

independent, nonprofit scientific org

US dept of transportation (DOT)

contribute to transport of RPs