HOTA: Tariffs, Westward Expansion, and Civil War

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff of 1828

causes protest in SC, who believe it discriminates against the South (kindled by threat of abolition)

Nullification Crisis

SC stands alone in their fight to nullify tariffs put in place by the fed. gvt., despite sympathy from other Southern states

"nullies"

people who support nullification of tariffs, often secessionists

Tariff of 1832

protectionist tariff that aimed to reduce the effects of 1828 tariff, but still leaves South unsatisfied

Tariff of 1833

similar to the tariff of 1832: aimed to solve the nullification crisis in the South and keep the union together.

written by Henry Clay

"Bloody Bill"

aka the Force Act

written by Andrew Jackson

gives fed gvt the right to use force to collect tariffs

Northwest Ordinance

- adds the NW region of the US (Great Lakes region)

- land is divided evenly into townships

- public education provided

- new state added once population reaches 60,000

Missouri Compromise

every new state excluding Missouri above the 36-30 latitude line will become a free state

Mexican-American War

war between Mexico and US over western land to fulfill Manifest Destiny

- 13,000 US deaths

- massive land gain

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

ends M-A War, Mexico loses ~1/2 its territory

Wilmot Proviso

proposition that says that slavery should not extend to M-A War land

- passes House of Representatives, not Senate

popular sovereignty

states should be able to choose whether or not to have slavery independently

Free Soilers

new party created by abolitionists who dislike both the Whig (Zachary Taylor) and Democratic (Lewis Cass) candidates for president

California

land long settled by natives, then by Spanish

- lots of missions

- created own constitution that outlaws slavery

Underground Railroad

system to help slaves escape masters

- aided by Harriet Tubman

- prompts stricter escape laws

"fire-eaters"

Southern sectionalist secessionists

"immortal trio"

Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster

Henry Clay

creates many compromises before his death that hold Union together, favors no extension of slavery for N and stricter fugitive laws for S

John C. Calhoun

noted slavery supporter, wrote the SC Exposition ("nullie")

Daniel Webster

after Clay's death, continues to push propositions, helps hold Union together

Compromise of 1850

- written by Henry Clay

- N must have stricter fugitive laws

- California, Utah, and New Mexico able to decide to have slavery or not

(N has upper hand)

Ostend Manifesto

US wants Cuba from Spain and they jUST mIGHT kILL yA oVer iT

Stephen Douglas

ran against Lincoln for senator (won) and president (lost)

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Kansas territory should split into 2 states, Kansas and Nebraska. Can decide whether to become free or slave.

- breaks MO Compromise

New England Emigrant Aid Company

company founded in Massachusetts to transport immigrants to Kansas territory

- intended to make Kansas a free state by shifting population balance

John Brown

radical abolitionist

- believes in vigilante justice

- attempts to loot armory at Harper's Ferry

- attempted to organize a slave rebellion

Lecompton Constitution

people of Kansas have the opportunity to vote for slavery constitution or abolition constitution

Bleeding Kansas

series of violent conflicts between abolitionists and pro-slaveryites in Kansas pre-Civil war

Brooks vs. Sumner

Brooks (anti-abolitionist) beats Sumner (abolitionist) with a cane in Congress after personal attacks

Dred Scott

ruling that prevented blacks from obtaining citizenship, thus the ability to defend themselves in court

Lincoln Douglas Debates

"Great Debates of 1858"

- debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas for Illinois senatorship

Harper's Ferry

town in what is now West Virginia

- John Brown attempted to raid armory there to arm slave rebellion

- fails

Election of 1860

- Abraham Lincoln (Republican)

- John C. Breckinridge (Democrat)

- John Bell (Constitutional Union Party)

Lincoln wins, increases sectionalism

Crittenden Compromise

unsuccessful proposal by John J. Crittenden (constitutional unionist)

- reinstate Missouri Compromise

secession

state will remove self from union

- S wantes peace, ability for independent trade

- came from global nationalist mvmt

- parallels Revolutionary War