PSYC2009 Lecture 8 Flashcards

Flashcards about Self and Personality Development

What are the three main components of personality according to terminology?

Dispositional traits, characteristic adaptations, and narrative identities/life stories.

Define self-concept.

Perceptions of unique attributes and traits.

What is self-esteem?

Evaluation of worth as a person based on positive and negative self-perceptions.

Define identity.

Overall sense of who they are, where they are heading, and where they fit into society.

What are the three parts of the personality according to Freud?

Id, Ego, and Superego.

Which neo-Freudian placed more emphasis on social influences and the potential for personal growth throughout the lifespan?

Erik Erikson

What are the five stages of Freud's psychosexual theory?

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital.

What are the stages of Erikson's psychosocial theory?

Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation ,and Integrity vs. Despair.

What is the Trait theory of personality?

Personality is a set of dispositional trait dimensions along which people can differ; traits are consistent across situations.

What are the Big Five personality traits (OCEAN)?

Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

What does social learning theory emphasize regarding personality?

Behavior is influenced by situations and environment and rejects universal stages or enduring traits.

At what age do infants typically recognize themselves visually as distinct individuals?

Around 18 months.

What is the Rouge Test?

A test of self-recognition where a red dot is placed on an infant's face to see if they recognize it's their own face in the mirror.

Name the period from Rochat's stages of self-awareness development, when an infant begins to categorize into social construct.

Extension, 24 months

What are the three cognitive, social, and cultural influences on self-recognition?

Cognitive development, social interaction, and cultural context.

Define temperament.

Early, genetically based but environmentally influenced tendencies to respond in predictable ways to events.

What are the three dimensions of temperament identified by Rothbart?

Surgency/extraversion, negative affectivity, and effortful control.

Define goodness of fit in the context of temperament.

The extent to which the child’s temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of their social world.

By what age do toddlers start using personal pronouns?

Around age two.

What are the five aspects of self that children differentiate among by mid-elementary school?

Scholastic competence, social acceptance, behavioral conduct, athletic competence, and physical appearance.

What are some influences on self-esteem?

Heredity, warm democratic parents, help succeeding in important tasks and quality of home environment

Name two dimensions of early temperament that are related to the Big Five personality traits later in life.

Surgency/extraversion and negative affectivity.

What does goodness-of-fit concept explain regarding personalities?

Continuity and change in children’s personalities

What is the central crisis is in Erikson's Early Childhood psychosocial stage?

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt.

How do self-descriptions change between childhood and adolescence?

Less physical and more psychological, less concrete and more abstract, more differentiated, and more integrated

What are benefits of adolescents with high self-esteem?

Have better physical and mental health, better career and financial prospects and lower involvement in criminal behavior.

What psychosocial stage is critical in the lifelong process of forming an identity according to Erikson?

Adolescence: Identity vs. role confusion.

What is an identity crisis?

A period of confusion adolescents may experience while adjusting to physical and cognitive growth while attempting to adhere to social demands.

What is the definition of moratorium according to Marcia's expansion on Erikson's theory?

Exploration without commitment; a period of confusion.

When does identity formation take time and when is it achieved?

Identity formation takes time with only half of 24-year-olds achieving a firm identity and occurs at different rates in different domains.

What are some influences on identity formation?

Cognitive development, personality, quality of relationships with parents, opportunities for exploration, and cultural context.

How does self-esteem change throughout adulthood?

Self-esteem rises gradually through the adult years until the mid-60s and then drops in late old age.

How can older adults maintain positive self-images?

Reducing the gap between the ideal and real self, changing one’s goals and standards of self-evaluation, making social comparisons to other old people, and avoiding negative self-stereotyping.

What personality characteristics often grow from adolescence to middle adulthood?

Greater emotional stability, conscientiousness, and agreeableness.

How does genetic makeup contribute to personality stability with age?

Gene-environment correlations can promote continuity; genes affect tendencies which create behavioral loops.

What psychosocial issue elderly adults confront?

Integrity versus despair.

What are the central issues in Erikson's Intimacy vs isolation, Generativity vs stagnation, and Integrity vs despair?

Am I ready for a committed relationship? Have I given something to future generations? Has my life been meaningful?

What is midlife questioning period?

Relates to vocational adjustment because the individual is more susceptible to unemployment and to self-actualization in which the individual asks if their reaching their full potential.

What do elderly adults do to complete psychosocial growth?

Reminisce and reflect on unresolved conflicts of the past to come to terms with themselves, find new meaning and coherence in their lives and prepare for death through life review.

Name the three main components of successful aging.

Freedom from disease and disability, good cognitive and physical functioning and active engagement with life.

Name two theories of successful aging.

Activity theory and disengagement theory.

What is socioemotional selectivity theory?

Older adults becoming more selective about social networks and placing higher value on emotional satisfaction.