Cold War. Section 1 - Origins of the Cold War.

1945 - 1949

1945 - Western Capitalist Democracies - What two countries were western capitalist democracies?

The USA and Britain

1945 - Western Capitalist Democracies - What were the USA and Britain?

The leading capitalist democracies

1945 - Western Capitalist Democracies - When were Britain and the USA the leading capitalist democracies?

When the second world war broke out

1945 - Western Capitalist Democracies - What was the cornerstone of all American capitalist thinking?

The cornerstone of all American capitalist thinking lay in a belief in the individual’s fundamental right to liberty

1945 - Western Capitalist Democracies - How would the individual’s fundamental right to liberty be protected?

By the government, but through limited controls 

1945 - Western Capitalist Democracies - For the USA, what did liberty not automatically equate to?

The right to equality in terms of social and economic status 

1945 - Western Capitalist Democracies - In the USA, what should hall citizens have?

Equal opportunities 

1945 - Western Capitalist Democracies - Although all citizens in the USA should have equal opportunities, what did they not all have?

Equal outcomes 

1945 - Western Capitalist Democracies - What was liberty also based on?

Free market economies 

1945 - Western Capitalist Democracies - What did free market economies enable?

Competition, and the free exchange of goods to take place with minimal government intervention 

1945 - Western Capitalist Democracies - What was the economic emphasis on?

The need for individual freedom, in order to achieve economic growth and personal happiness, without state control undermining the process 

1945 - Western Capitalist Democracies - What would businesses do?

Compete 

1945 - Western Capitalist Democracies - What would the competition, that businesses do, do?

Benefit everyone ; any individual was free to join the competition if he or she wished to

1945 - Western Capitalist Democracies - What had capitalist democracies done?

Enshrined political freedom 

1945 - Western Capitalist Democracies - In what right had capitalist democracies enshrined political freedom?

In the right of every citizen to have a choice of how the system would be led 

1945 - Western Capitalist Democracies - What did capitalist democracies have?

Free elections 

1945 - Western Capitalist Democracies - What did free elections enable?

Citizens to select their leaders from a range of candidates and political parties 

1945 - The USSR And Communism - Who is the founding father of the communist ideology?

Karl Marx 

1945 - The USSR And Communism - What did Karl Marx believe?

That capitalism led to the exploitation of the proletarian majority by the ruling bourgeoisie 

1945 - The USSR And Communism - What are the two reasons why this exploitation was done?

• To strengthen the bourgeoisie’s economic dominance 

• To enable the bourgeoisie to maintain it’s political control 

1945 - The USSR And Communism - When was the Russian Revolution?

1917

1945 - The USSR And Communism - What did the Russian Revolution lead to?

The first communist state in the world 

1945 - The USSR And Communism - Who led the first communist state in the world?

Lenin 

1945 - The USSR And Communism - What did Lenin do?

Modified Marxist thinking

1945 - The USSR And Communism - How did Lenin modify Marxist thinking?

By establishing Leninism as the means by which Marxism would be transformed into a practical reality rather than a theory 

1945 - The USSR And Communism - What did Lenin base his thinking on?

The idea that there would be a dictatorship of the proletariat as the first step towards the creation of a socialist society 

1945 - The USSR And Communism - What was Leninism?

Authoritarian 

1945 - The USSR And Communism - Why was Leninism classed as authoritarian?

As it demanded rule by a relatively small workers’ elite or workers vanguard, exercised by the Communist Party on behalf of the proletariat 

1945 - The USSR And Communism - Once Stalin had established his role as leader of the USSR, what did he do?

Modified Leninism 

1945 - The USSR And Communism - Why did Stalin modify Leninism?

To suit his own needs 

1945 - The USSR And Communism - What did Stalin develop?

The cult of personality 

1945 - The USSR And Communism - What did ‘the cult of personality’ mean?

Stalin promoted himself as the infallible interpreter of communist ideology

1945 - The USSR And Communism - What two things did Stalin become obsessed with?

• Protecting his own power

• Protecting the machinery of the state that guarded it

1945 - The USSR And Communism - What happened to Stalin’s mindset?

It was easily translated into a fundamental influence on Stalin’s foreign policy thinking in 1945

1945 - Capitalism Versus Communism - What were capitalism and communism?

Conflicting ideologies 

1945 - Capitalism Versus Communism - What was significant about these conflicting ideologies?

It was the certainty of each side that it’s ideology should dominate in as many nations as possible.

1945 - Capitalism Versus Communism - How did both of the ideologies view the expansion of the other as?

As a threat 

1945 - Capitalism Versus Communism - What did both the communist East and capitalist West see a need to do?

Both saw a need to expand their own power 

1945 - Capitalism Versus Communism - Both the communist East and capitalist West saw a need to expand their own power, what did this quickly translate to?

Global aspiration 

1945 - Capitalism Versus Communism - What became a driving obsession for each side?

Ideological conviction and a desire for national security 

1945 - Capitalism Versus Communism - How would each side gain national security?

Through increased global influence 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - How else could the Grand Alliance be described?

As a marriage of convenience 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - Who was included in the Grand Alliance?

• Britain 

• USA 

• USSR

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - Who was the 
Grand Alliance against?

Nazi Germany 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - By 1945, what was happening?

The Grand Alliance between Britain, the USA and the USSR against Nazi Germany was beginning to show cracks 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - What had the Western powers opened?

A second front 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - When did the Western powers open a ‘second front’?

In 1944

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - How did the Western powers open up a second front?

By invading Nazi occupied France 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - What did Soviet forces do in August of 1944?

Swept into Poland

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - Why did Soviet forces sweep into Poland during August of 1944?

As the Nazi regime began to face impossible pressures 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - From early 1945, where did the Soviet western front stretch from?

The Baltic to the Carpathian Mountains 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - By March of 1945, where had the Soviet western front crossed to?

The Oder River 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - What were Western powers conscious of?

The fact that many Eastern European states had been liberated from Nazi occupation by the USSR

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - What was Franklin D. Roosevelt committed to?

Post war reconstruction, based on unity among the victorious powers 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - What conflicted Roosevelt’s view of post war reconstruction based on unity among the victorious powers?

Stalin’s guarantee of security through a network of Eastern European allies. 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - What was the focus of tension in the weeks leading up to the Yalta conference?

The difference between the East and West

• West - post war reconstruction based on unity among the victorious powers 

• East - Stalin’s guarantee of security through Eastern European allies 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - What did the Russians and Americans have?

A history of mistrust 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - What did the Soviets believe?

The United States wanted to destroy communism

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - What happened in 1919?

The Americans, French and British sent troops to fight against the communists during the Russian civil war 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - In the 1930s, what did the West refuse?

Stalin’s proposal of a ‘Popular Front’

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - Why did Stalin propose a ‘Popular Front’?

To fight against the rise in fascism 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - In 1939, why did suspicion in the West increase?

Due to the signing of the Nazi Soviet Pact 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - What happened in Russia in June of 1941?

Hitler invaded Russia 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - When Hitler invaded Russia in 1941, who became allies?

The British and Russia 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - What happened in December of 1941?

Pearl Harbour was attacked

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - What was the outcome of the Pearl Harbour attack?

The USA joined the war 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - After the USA joined WW2, what formed?

The Grand Alliance 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - Who was part of the Grand Alliance?

• USA

• Britain 

• Russia 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - What did the Grand Alliance do?

Work together to defeat Nazism 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - What did the members of the Grand Alliance put aside for the duration of the war?

Their old suspicions 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - Who were the three leaders of the Grand Alliance?

• Stalin 

• Roosevelt 

• Churchill 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - During the war, what did the three leaders do?

Meet many times 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - Notably, when did the three leaders meet?

At Tehran 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - When did the leaders meet in Tehran?

In 1943 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - By the beginning of 1945, what had happened to the Germans?

They were on the retreat in Europe 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - By the beginning of 1945, what was happening to the war?

It was being won

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - Due to the war close to being won, what now needed to be thought about?

The postwar settlement 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - What would the leaders of the Grand Alliance end up doing?

Meeting multiple times 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - Why would the leaders of the Grand Alliance meet?

In an attempt to discuss a post war settlement 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - True Or False - The leaders reached agreements in some areas?

True 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - The leaders reached agreements in some areas, however, what were there still lots of?

Conflict and uncertainty 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - Who was Europe liberated from?

The West and South

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - Who liberated Europe from the West and South?

The US and British forces 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - Who liberated Europe from the East?

Soviet Forces 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - As a result of Europe being liberated by the USA, Soviets and British, what were their states governments greatly influenced by?

The policies of their liberators 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - Where did the Red Army occupy much of?

Eastern Europe 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - Because the Red Army occupied much of Eastern Europe, what was Stalin able to control?

What happened in these countries 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - Due to Stalin being able to control what happened in these Eastern European countries, what became apparent?

A clear divide in Europe 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - What would become a key feature of the Cold War?

The clear divide in Europe 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - What debates could be potentially destructive to the leaders of the Grand Alliance?

The debates over the future of :

• Poland 

• Romania 

• Bulgaria 

• Yugoslavia 

• Hungary 

• Czechoslovakia 

1945 - Tensions At Yalta - The Situation In 1945 - Why was the debate over these Eastern European countries potentially destructive to the Grand Alliance?

As the leaders different ideologies meant they wanted to establish different forms of government 

1945 - The Yalta Conference - When did the Yalta Conference take place?

From the 4th to the 11th of February 1945

1945 - The Yalta Conference - Why did the members of the Grand Alliance meet?

In preparation for planning the imminent end of the war

1945 - The Yalta Conference - Where did Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill meet?

In the Crimean city of Yalta 

1945 - The Yalta Conference - What did the Yalta conference represent?

The high point of inter - allied cooperation

1945 - The Yalta Conference - What did the outcomes of Yalta appear to do?

• Reaffirm the belief that the Grand Alliance was still alive and well

• That it’s members were committed to  a lasting consensus in international relations in the post war world 

1945 - The Yalta Conference - Were the objectives of the key leaders in line with each other?

No 

1945 - The Yalta Conference - Relations Between The Leaders - Stalin - What had happened to the Soviet Union after the Second War?

It had devastated the Soviet Union 

1945 - The Yalta Conference - Relations Between The Leaders - Stalin - What had a conservative estimate suggested?

25 million Soviets were dead. Along with the mass destruction of towns, cities, agriculture and industry 

1945 - The Yalta Conference - Relations Between The Leaders - Stalin - What was a supreme objective for Stalin?

Lasting security