Human Anatomy and Physiology Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering the fundamental concepts of human anatomy, physiology, organ systems, circulatory dynamics, and metabolism based on lecture transcript notes.

Tissue

Cells that share a common function.

Organ

A group of tissues that perform similar jobs.

Body Systems

Organs with similar functions working together.

Red Marrow

Bone tissue that produces red blood cells.

Skeletal System

Provides structural support, establishes a framework to attach soft tissues and internal organs, protects vital organs, and contains $206$ bones.

Axial Skeleton

Section of the skeleton consisting of the skull, facial bones, thoracic cage, and vertebral column ($7-12-5-5-4$).

Joint

Where two bones meet, consisting of the ends of bones and connecting and supporting tissues.

Thorax

A body cavity containing the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels.

Ulna

The medial bone of the forearm.

Radius

The lateral bone of the forearm.

Muscle

A form of tissue that facilitates movement.

Thyroid Cartilage

Cartilage also known as the Adam's Apple.

Cricoid Cartilage

Cartilage located below the Adam's Apple.

Cricothyroid Membrane

Membrane located between the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage.

Pleura

A membrane outside of the lungs that covers the lung.

Diaphragm

The primary muscle of breathing.

Ventilation

Movement of air between lungs and the environment.

Respiration

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli and tissues of the body.

Brainstem (Breathing Control)

Controls breathing by monitoring carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) levels in the blood and spinal fluid.

Hypoxic Drive

Secondary drive for breathing when carbon dioxide levels are excessive.

Heart

Hollow muscular organ made of specialized cardiac muscle that works as two paired pumps and contains the body's only electrical conduction system.

Stroke Volume (SV)

Amount of blood moved with each contraction.

Cardiac Output (CO)

Amount of blood moved in $1\,min$, calculated as $HR \times SV = CO$.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to all body tissues.

Pulse

Created by the forceful pumping of blood out of the left ventricle into major arteries, palpated most easily at the neck, wrist, or groin.

Veins

Vessels with thinner walls and larger diameters than arteries that return oxygen-depleted blood to the heart.

Superior Vena Cava

Carries blood returning from the head, neck, shoulders, and upper extremities.

Inferior Vena Cava

Carries blood returning from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells.

Leukocytes

White blood cells.

Blood Pressure

Pressure that blood exerts against the walls of arteries.

Systole

Phase when the left ventricle contracts, pumping blood from the ventricle into the aorta.

Diastole

Phase when the muscle of the ventricle relaxes and the ventricle fills with blood.

Perfusion

Circulation of blood in an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the needs of cells.

Hypoperfusion (Shock)

Inadequate blood supply to organs, tissues, and cells.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Controls the fight-or-flight response, sending commands to adrenal glands to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Controls rest and digest body functions.

Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher brain function.

Cerebellum

Part of the brain that controls balance, muscle coordination, and posture.

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Fluid that cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord.

Spinal Cord

An extension of the brainstem that transmits messages between the brain and body.

Sensory Nerves

Nerves that transmit information from the environment to the brain.

Skin

Organ that protects the body in the environment, regulates body temperature, and transmits sensory information to the brain.

Aerobic Metabolism

Metabolism that uses oxygen to turn nutrients into chemical energy.

Anaerobic Metabolism

Metabolism that occurs when oxygen is limited, leading to lactic acid production and cellular dysfunction.

Cellular Hypoxia

Impaired oxygen delivery to cells that leads to anaerobic metabolism and metabolic acidosis.