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Visual symbols or images used to represent objects or concepts.
PICTOGRAPHS
The earliest written records were found in?
MESOPOTAMIA
Mesopotamia in what is known as?
MIDDLE EAST
Middle East specifically?
SYRIA & IRAQ
early visuals markings were found in caves in and around?
AFRICA, EUROPE, SOUTHERN FRANCE
Visual markings specifically in southern France?
LASCAUX CAVES
These visual markings were not interpreted as “art” but more as visual images for?
UTILITARIAN & RITUALISTIC
200,000 years ago
VISUAL MARKINGS
Who settled in Mesopotamia?
SUMERIANS
The earliest written records found on?
CLAY TABLETS
what is created with a reed stylus to create fine, curved lines?
PICTOGRAMS OR PICTOGRAPHS
A system of writing developed by the Sumerians, using wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets.
CUNEIFORM
By combining pictographs, people could create abstract ideas or emotions called?
IDEOGRAPH
cuneiform symbols began to represent the sounds of the objects. This ultimately became known as?
REBUS
what is often combine letters and images to either create words or entire phrases?
REBUSES
created two of the most ubiquitous rebuses in the logos for New York and IBM
MILTON GLASER AND PAUL RAND
The ancient Egyptian writing system for over three-and-a-half millennia. Consisting of pictorial symbols.
HIEROGLYPHICS
were written in horizontal rows or vertical columns and were read according to the direction the images were facing.
HIEROGLYPHICS
Made from reeds growing along the banks of the Nile River, used as a writing substrate.
PAPYRUS
papyrus is made from reeds growing along the banks of?
NILE RIVER
were the first to produce illustrated manuscripts.
EGYPTIANS
example of illuminated manuscript.
THE BOOK OF THE DEAD
derived from the first two letters of the Greek alphabet, alpha and beta.
ALPHABET
A set of visual symbols or characters, the alphabet was a major step in human’s ability to communicate.
ALPHABET
made up of twenty-two characters, was in use by 1500 B.C. Written right to left, the alphabet was both carved in stone as well as written on papyrus with a reed brush or pen.
PHOENICIAN ALPHABET
written with a wide pen, held at a 45 degree angle that produced heavy horizontal and thin vertical strokes.
ARAMAIC ALPHABET
Aramaic alphabet is the predecessor to two major alphabets used today?
HEBREW AND ARABIC
Greeks around 1000 B.C. Five of the consonants were changed to vowels.
PHOENICIAN ALPHABET
writing from right to left, but later they developed a writing method called?
BOUSTROPHEDON
boustrophedon meaning?
TO PLOW A FIELD WITH AN OX
A style of writing characterized by rounded letters, often used in ancient Greek manuscripts.
UNCIALS
papyrus or parchment used as a writing surface, commonly used before the codex.
SCROLLS
who conquered Greece and whole libraries of information was moved to Rome?
ROMANS
WHAT ALPHABET HAD 21 CHARACTERS?
LATIN ALPHABET
Square capitals?
CAPITALIS QUADRATA
These letter forms were condensed to take up less space and were quickly written.
CAPITALIS RUSTICA
The Korean alphabet, known as?
HANGUL
in Hangul the vertical line symbolizes a?
PERSON
in Hangul the horizontal line symbolizes a?
EARTH
in Hangul the round dot symbolizes as?
HEAVEN
considered the highest art form in China. The art of decorative handwriting, often executed with ink and a brush.
CALLIGRAPHY
In the Han dynasty were made by carving calligraphic characters on a flat surface similar to rubber stamp. These were used to make identification imprints, and are considered to be the first form of printing.
CHOPS
Writing material made from the skins of animals, such as calves, sheep, and goats.
PARCHMENT
A book made of bound pages, replacing the use of scrolls for writing and storing information.
CODEX
Hand-written and illustrated books, often featuring gold leaf and elaborate lettering and images.
ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPT
During the Christian era in Europe, manuscripts were created in ___ or writing rooms.
MONASTIC SCRIPTORIUMS
Full pages of decorative design were called?
CARPET PAGES
Attempted to standardize page layout, writing style, and decoration.
CHARLEMAGNE
With Celtic influences, the forerunner of our contemporary lowercase alphabet.
CAROLINE MINUSCULES
brought about renewed religious fervor. The large liturgical books, bibles, Gospels and psalters reached its peak and for the first time, universal design characteristics were possible.
ROMANESQUE
lettering and illumination, influenced by the elaborate architectural spires in Germany.
GOTHIC
the name for this type of Gothic lettering due to the dense black texture of the pages.
TEXTURA