Biology Exam 2

Carbohydrates

Monomer: Monosaccharides

Bond type: Glycosidic Linkage

Functions: Storage: Plants( Starch as glucose stoarge) (Animals use glycogen) , and Structure: Plants (Cellulose), and Chitin

Lipids

Monomer: Glycerol head and Fatty Acid tails

Bond: Ester Linkage

Functions: Insulation, Cushioning, signaling, energy storage

Proteins

Monomer: Amino Acids

Bond: Peptide Bond

Functions: Enzymes, storage, receipting, movement, cell transport. structure

Nucleic Acids 

Types: DNA & RNA

Function:Controls the process of gene Expression (Provides instructions for replication, Directs RNA synthesis, Controls Protien synthesis)

Monomer= Nucleotide (1: 5 carbon sugar, nitrogen containing nitrogenous base, one to three phosphate groups) 

Bond name: Phosphodiester linkage

What are the Nitrogeouns bases for DNA

Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine, and Guanine

What are the nitrogenous bases for RNA

Cytosine, Uracil, Adenine, and Guanine

Which nitrogenous bases are Pryimindes

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

What nitrogenous bases are prunes

Adenine, Guanine

When a sugar-phosphate backbone is formed what are the primes of carbons

5 prime and 3 prime 

What nitrogenous bases go with each other in DNA

Adenine to Thymine, Guanine to Cytosine

What nitrogenous bases go with each other in RNA

Adenine to Uricul , Guanine to Cytosine

Which of the two types of nucleotides is single stranded

RNA

What are the bonds forming BETWEEN base pairs

Hydrogen bonds

Which of the 4 Biological molecules aren’t true macromolecules

Lipids

How are polymers synthesized

Dehydration reaction catalyzed by enzymes

How are polymers broken down

Hydrolysis

What are the two types of sugars

Aldose and ketose

What type of sugars are aldose and ketone

Trioses- three carbon sugars

What are some storage polysaccharides

Starch, glycogen 

What storage polysaccharide do plants use

Starch

Storage polysaccharides for animals

Glycogen

What are the two structural polysaccharides

Cellulose, Chitin

What are the 3 important types of lipids

Fats, Phospholipids, and Steroids

What are the two components that make up Lipids

Glycerol and fatty acids

What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats

saturated fats are saturated with hydrogen while unsaturated fats have double bonds with get rid of some hydrogens

What are phospholipids made of

two fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol with a phosphate group 

Which parts of a phospholipids are hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Glycerol head is hydrophilic, fatty acid tails are hydrophobic 

What do phospholipids make

Phospholipid bilayer in the cell membrane

How are steroids characterized

Carbon skeleton with four fused rings

True or False: Proteins account for more than 50% of dry mass of most cells

True

Functions of Enzymatic proteins

Function: Acceleration of chemical reactions

Example: Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules

Functions of Defensive proteins

Function: Protection against disease

Example: Antibodies helping Destry sickness

Storage proteins

Function: Storage of amino acids

Transport proteins

Functions: Transport of substances

Hormonal proteins

Functions: Coordination of an organisms activities

Receptor proteins 

Function: Response of cell to chemical stimuli

Contractile and motor proteins

Function: Movement 

Structural proteins

Function: Support

True or False: Proteins are all made from the same 20 amino acid monomers linked in unbranched polymers

True

What are amino acids made of

An amino group, Carboxyl group and a side chain (R group)

What can side chains be

Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic, Acidic, and Basic

What are the 4 levels of protein structure

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

What is the primary structure of a protein

Unique sequence of amino acids

What is the secondary structure of a protein

Coils and folds in the polypeptide chain

B sheet and A helix

What bonds are formed between amino acids

Hydrogen bonding

What is the Tertiary structure of proteins

Folding due to interactions among side chains (R group)

What type of interactions can appear in the Tertiary Structure of proteins

Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and van der walks interactions

What is the Quaternary Structure of proteins

multiple associated polypeptide chains

What is protein denaturation?

The loss or alteration of protein structure

What are the fundamental units of life

Cells

Do eukaryotes or prokaryotes have membrane bound organelles 

Eukaryotes

What type of organisms are eukaryotes

Fungi, animals, protists, plants

What cells do prokaryotes have

No nucleus

What cells do Eukaryotes have

DNA in a nucleus

What is the plasma membrane 

selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste 

What does the endomembrane system consist of 

Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane