BIO1022 Week 6: Animal Solutions to Life - Making More Animals

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms related to modes of reproduction, fertilization, offspring strategies, and sex determination at the organismal level.

Asexual reproduction

Reproduction without fertilization; offspring are genetically similar to the parent and common forms include binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis.

Sexual reproduction

Reproduction by fusion of sperm and egg (gametes) to produce genetically diverse offspring.

Binary fission

A form of asexual reproduction where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Budding

An asexual process where a new individual grows from a projection of the parent and may detach later.

Fragmentation

An asexual process where the organism splits into fragments that regenerate into complete individuals.

Parthenogenesis

Development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg, producing offspring without male genetic input.

External fertilisation

Fertilization occurs outside the female’s body, typically in aquatic environments.

Internal fertilisation

Fertilization occurs inside the female reproductive tract.

Oviparous

Animals that lay eggs; embryos develop outside the mother's body.

Ovoviviparous

Eggs hatch inside the mother or shortly after laying; offspring are born live without placental nourishment.

Viviparous

Live birth; embryos develop inside the mother with nourishment often via a placenta.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that halves chromosome number to form haploid gametes and increases genetic variation through recombination.

Mitosis

Cell division producing two genetically identical diploid daughter cells.

Haploid

A cell with a single set of chromosomes (n).

Diploid

A cell with two complete sets of chromosomes (2n).

Gametes

Reproductive cells (sperm and egg) that fuse during fertilization.

Chromosomes

DNA-containing structures that carry genes; in diploids, paired chromosomes carry genetic information.

Autosomes

Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes; carry the majority of genes.

Sex chromosomes

Chromosomes involved in determining sex (e.g., X and Y in many species; patterns vary).

Gynandromorphs

Individuals displaying both male and female physical traits due to mosaic sex chromosome expression.

Amniote

Vertebrate whose embryos develop within an amnion; includes reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Chorion

Extraembryonic membrane involved in gas exchange; forms part of the placenta in mammals.

Sequential hermaphroditism

An organism changes sex at some point during its life; includes protandry and protogyny.

Protandrous

Individuals start life or mature as males and later become females.

Protogynous

Individuals start life or mature as females and later become males.

Eutherian

Placental mammals; a major subgroup of mammals.

Mammal

Warm-blooded vertebrate with hair and mammary glands; includes monotremes, marsupials, and placentals.

Environmental sex determination

Sex determined by environmental factors (e.g., temperature) rather than strictly by chromosomes.

Hormones

Chemical messengers that regulate development, reproduction, and sex differentiation.