Unit 8 Quiz Review- L2 Bio (9th grade)

Flu (Pandemic/Epidemic)

Pandemic

Pandemic

Outbreak over large area

Epidemic

Outbreak in a single region

How does a virus enter the body?

Through the nose, an open wound, and the mouth

What are the knobby things on the outside of the virus called?

Keys/spike proteins

Once inside the cell what happens to the virus capsules?

They break down and release DNA or RNA

Once the DNA or RNA of the virus inside the cell / nucleus what happens

The virus makes copies of itself using the cells structures

Outside the nucleus the DNA or RNA (of the virus) are doing what?

They're doing protein synthesis to make new viruses

How do you new viruses leave the cells?

By rupturing/exploding the cell

vaccine

When dead or weakened viruses get injected into the body for the immune system to be prepared when the actual virus comes

Biosynthesis

The process when the virus is creating more virus particles inside a cell

viral envelope

The outermost layer of a virus that has spike proteins attached

Capsid

The protein shell around the DNA/RNA of the virus

Macrophages

A type of white blood cell that consumes viruses

antibodies

The protein structures that mark cells for destruction (they get produced by memory cells)

memory cells

The cells that produce antibodies. They prevent one from getting the same sickness twice

influenza

The common flu virus (cough,sneeze,fever)

HPV (human Papillomavirus)

A virus usually transmitted sexually that causes warts in

rhinovirus

An RNA virus that is highly contagious that causes cold symptoms

herpes

A virus that causes cold sores

HIV

A virus that causes AIDS and is transmitted sexually

Ebola

A virus in Africa that is highly contagious and very deadly

Pathogen

Any virus or bacteria that causes sickness

Bacteria

Single celled prokaryotic living things that reproduce with binary fission

Skin

First line of defense

colony

Where bacteria originated in the body (Ex. the back of the throat has a bacteria colony that could spread throughout the body)

Agar

The nutrient rich substance used to grow bacteria on

Mucus

A slimy substance in the nose that helps protect the respiratory and digestive systems.

Lyme Disease

A bacterial disease caused by ticks

Macrophages

The structures white cells use to eat pathogens

Penicilin

The first ever antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming

Superbug/Pan resistant

A bacteria that is immune/resistant to all known antibiotics

Evolution

When bacteria become immune due to only the fittest being able to survive

Black Plague

A plague in 13th century europe that wiped out 1/3 of the population

Lytic

The virus cycle in which the virus quickly reproduces and kills the cell

Lysogenic

The virus cycle in which the virus stays dormant until certain conditions are met

Immune system

The system in the body put in place to protect the body from anything harmful

Infections

When pathogens get inside the body

What do cells under attack do?

They send signals to the immune system

Phlegm

A sticky and thick substance produced by the respiratory system and can be coughed up or expelled through the nose.

How do vaccines work

They send in weakened, killed, or parts of viruses which the immune system can train on and create memory cells, so that when the real virus comes, it is prepared

Will antibiotics help fight viruses?

No, the immune system must fight the viruses, medications can only help with the symptoms

How do viruses get transmitted? (6 ways)

1. Cut in skin

2. Eating contaminated food

3. Sexual transmission

4. Through the air

5. Bites from animals (Vectors)

Vectors

Diseases transmitted by animals

(T or F) Most bacteria are Prokaryotic

True, most bacteria do not have a nucelus

Pus

The formation of dead white blood cells accumulating at the skin

Alexander Fleming

The person who discovered antibiotics by leaving a colony next to a fungi, and saw that the fungi killed the bacteria

Taxonomy

The discipline of classifying and naming organisms

Carolus

A Swedish scientist in the 16th century that created Binomial Nomeclature

Binomial Nomeclature

A 2-part scientific name for a species (always written in italics)

Taxon

A group or level of organization

The 7 Taxons

1. Kingdom

2. Phylum

3. Class

4. Order

5. Family

6. Genus

7. Species

Phylogeny

The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms (Ex. Homologous structures, chromosomal characteristics, DNA sequence, embryonic development, Fossil record)

Systematics

Evolutionary classification or phylogeny, not just physical similarities

Morphology

The physical features of an organisms compared to other organisms (Homologous structures)

Cladistics

Uses derived characteristsics to establish evolutionary relationships

Derived Character

A character that appears in recent ancestors/organisms but not in its older members

Cladogram

Diagram that shows evolutionary relationship

Molecular clock

Using DNA comparisons to see how long the organisms have been independently evolving

Mutation Rate

The speed at which the DNA of an organism mutates (also known as the molecular clock of an organism)