Geography Paper 2 - Human Rights (copy)

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What are human rights?

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53 Terms

1

What are human rights?

  • The basic rights and freedoms which all humans are entitled

  • They are applicable at all times and they protect everyone

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2

When was the declaration of human rights and give 2 examples

  • 1948

  • Article 5 - no one should be subjected to torture or cruel treatment or punishment

  • Article 9 - no one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile

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3

How many articles are there in total?

30

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4

What are human rights norms?

  • Ways of living that have been ingrained into the culture of a country over long periods of time

  • They are based on morals

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5

What does UDHR stand for?

Universal declaration of human rights

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6

What does to ratify mean?

to sign a treaty which governments then must put measures + legislation into practice that are compatible with the treaty

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7

What is the most ratified of all human rights?

  • UN convention on the rights of a child

  • Changes the way children are viewed and treated

    • Describes what a child needs to grow, survive and achieve full potential

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8

Are human rights protected by law?

  • They are protected by international law but are non-binding

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9

What is infant mortality rate?

Annual number of deaths of infants under 1 per 1000 live births

in 2013, 106 in Mali and 3.3 in Italy

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10

What is inetervention?

Use of military force by a state or group of states in a foreign territory to end the violation of human rights

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11

Advantages of intervention

  • Effective at stopping violations

  • Can have immediate benefits for locals

  • Contributes to long term socio-economic development

    • Leads to political stability

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12

Disadvantages of intervention?

  • Injuries and deaths of civilians

  • Loss of homes

  • Population displacement

  • Increase in human rights abuses

  • Widening of socio economic injustice

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13

How does the UN organise intervention?

  • They establish a mandate so workers and troops are authorised and are drawn from a wide range of member states

  • Usually military is non-force only using force in self defence

  • UN team works to protect and promote human rights

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14

Example of a regional organisation

NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

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15

Example of a non-governmental organisation

ICRC - International Committee of the Red Cross

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16

Example of a public-private partnership

Global alliance for vaccines and immunisation

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17

What is global governance?

Intervention by global community attempting to regulate issues of human rights

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18

What are geopolitics?

  • Global balance of political power and international relations

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19

What are geopolitical transitions and what is an example?

  • How the world order or power has shifted

  • The cold war from 1946-1989

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20

Why does geopolitical power have uneven spatial distribution?

  • Inequalities of power depend on wealth, political strength and development

  • USA is the only superpower but China is the worlds leading trade nation

  • Advanced countries are often more powerful due to colonisation and emerging and developing tend to have less power

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21

What are supranational political and economical organisations and give 3 examples?

  • UN, EU AND ASEAN

  • Group of states which have greater geopolitical influence than their member states due to combines strength

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22

What do organisations need to know in order to intervene in human rights issues?

  • Political composition of the countries involved

  • Nature of intervention

  • Reasons why intervention is necessary

  • Features of country government and people affected

  • Possible political, economical, environmental and social consequences

  • Complexity of human rights issues

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23

What is forced labour?

  • Where people are coerced into work through the use of violence or intimidation

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24

How many people are victims of forced labour?

  • Globally 21 million people

  • 11.4 million women/girls

  • 9.6 million boys/men

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25

What does forced labour include?

  • Children denied education because they’re forced to work

  • men unable to leave work due to debt

  • women and girls exploited, unpaid, abused

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26

Where is forced labour most common?

  • South East Asia

  • Central Africa

  • Haiti

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27

What are factors influencing forced labour?

  • Poverty, unemployment, low wages - economic

  • Conflict, corruption, political instability - political

  • Escaping climate disasters - environmental

  • Gender inequality, age, enslaved families - social

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28

What is maternal mortality rate?

  • The death of women while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy per 100,000 births

  • Lowest figure in Europe, Italy (4)

  • Highest figure Africa, Sierra Leone 1100

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29

Factors that affect MMR

  • Access to treatment

  • Quality of medical services

  • Level of political commitment

  • Availability of info and education

  • Cultural barriers

  • Poverty

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30

What treaty protects women’s rights?

  • Convention on elimination of all forms discrimination against women

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31

What part of capital punishment is the denial of the most basic human rights?

  • The death penalty

  • 2014 there were 607 executions

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32

Factors influencing capital punishment

  • Differences between types of crime in different countries

  • The incidence of its legality under national law

  • Increase in the number of countries where it is being abolished

  • Number of communications and pardons

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33

What is gender inequality?

Unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender

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34

How is gender inequality demonstrated?

  • Forced marriage involving children

  • Trafficking involving sex slavery

  • Access to education and health care

  • Employment and political opportunities

  • Wage equality

  • Violence against women

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35

What is CEDAW?

Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women

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36

What does CEDAW do?

  • Strengthens the rule of law and reinforces norms to outlaw gender discrimination

  • NGOs work within local communities to help battle discrimination

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37

How is educational opportunity involved in women’s rights?

  • There have been improvements in the enrolment of females into primary education

  • Education is key to empower women so they can achieve success in labour market

  • When education improves, fertility rate drops, infant mortality falls

  • UNICEF is a lead agency for girls education

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38

Factors influencing female participation in education

  • Costs prohibit them from moving further in education

  • Household obligations fall to girls

  • Female education is only a benefit to the family she marries into not the one she has come from

  • Negative classroom environments

  • Insufficient female teachers

  • Girls exploited by child labour

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39

Factors affecting female reproductve health

  • Sexual violence

  • Forced sterilisation

  • Harmful practices such as FGM

  • Sexually transmitted disease HIV

  • High young pregnancy

  • Access to reproductive education

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40

What is labour force participation rate?

The ratio of females to males within a country’s working population (15yrs+) that looks for or works

countries with high HDI have high Labour Force Participation Ratio

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41

Factors affecting employment?

  • Social norms

  • Cultural and religious beliefs

  • Levels of childcare support

  • Degrees of safeguarding

  • Levels of discrimination

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42

Strategies for global governance of human rights

  • Attempts to change or modify norms

  • Work of NGOs, private organisations

  • Influence of MNCs

  • Creation and application of laws

  • Role of UN peacekeeping

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43

What violations cause conflict?

  • Denial of needs such as food housing

  • Discrimination and denial of freedom

  • Unrepresented government

  • Oppressive governments

  • Genocide or torture

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44

How are violations a consequence of conflict?

  • High mortality of military involved in fighting

  • Damage to homes and property

  • Damage to infrastructure like transport and schools

  • Impacts on food and water

  • Displacement of people

  • ‘ethnic cleansing’

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45

how can technology be used to help intervention?

  • important for communication

  • Satellites used for surveillance in areas too late for conventional observation

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46

How do aid workers and foreign aid contribute?

  • Required for peacekeeping missions of the UN

  • Funds are provided by member states

  • NGOs in Haiti are funded by 5 million dollars in foreign aid

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47

What is the UN and what does it do?

  • The united nations

  • 193 member states

  • Human rights are at the core

  • Many agencies are involved to protect human rights

  • Security council deals with grave violations

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48

What are NGOs and what do they do?

  • Part of civil society

  • Can monitor and provide early warning of new violence through education, training, water conservation, improved sanitation

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49

What are treaties/laws and what do they do?

  • Treaties are formal written agreements between groups of countries which are binding in law

  • Drawn up by the UN or regional organisations

  • Combination of legal and practical methods are used to protect human rights

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50

How do human rights interventions contribute to development?

  • Rights are essential for sustaining development

  • UN millennium development goals show how rights and development are closely linked

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51

Short term benefits of global governance

  • Medical assistance and medicine provision

  • Shelter, sanitation, food and water

  • Military protection against further casualties

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52

Short term negatives of global governance

  • Damage to property and infrastructure

  • Displacement of a population

  • Further disrespect of human rights

  • Disrupted education

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53

Long term benefits of global governance

  • Improvement in health and life

  • Education equality

  • Improved transport systems

  • Development of infrastructure

  • Accepted social norms

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