Module 2 Bio 10

Why do cells need a way to replace themselves?

worn out or damaged

The Cell Cycle

An ordered series of events that produces two daughter cells

Genome

A complete set of DNA

G1 Phase

Growth Phase 1

• getting ready for DNA replication

• accumulating the building blocks

• making sure the cell has enough energy

S Phase

Synthesis Phase

• DNA is replicated

G2 Phase

Growth Phase 2

• getting ready for the mitotic phase

• energy is replenished

• cell organelles are duplicated

Mitosis

A type of cell division

4 stages of Mitosis

1. Prophase

2. Metaphase

3. Anaphase

4. Telophase

Cytokinesis

The process in which the cell splits

Why does the cell have checkpoints?

to make sure the cell cycle is happening correctly

G1 Checkpoints

• cells irreversibly committing cell division

• check for genome damage

• favorable conditions for cell division

G2 Checkpoint

keeps the cell from entering the mitotic phase if certain conditions are not met

• cell size

• protein reserves

• all chromosomes have been replicated correctly

M checkpoint

Metaphase

• occurs at the end of metaphase

• to make sure that the sister chromatids are attached to the spindle correctly

Tumor suppressor Genes

Genes that code for negative regulator proteins (protiens that stop the cell cycle)

P53

A tumor suppressor gene

• when mutated causes cancer

Binary Fusion

A cell division process done ONLY by prokaryotic cells (simple and faster)

Reproduction

the general term for the transfer of DNA to the next generation 

Sexual reproductions purpose and result

to produce new genetic combinations

Great for genetic diversity

Sexual reproduction

The most common reproductive strategy

What two parts of the plant are used for sexual reproduction?

Stamen and Stigma

What problem do plants encounter due to having both sexual organs?

Self fertilization 

Karyotype

A visual representation of chromosomes through a microscope

Meiosis

The process of passing down genetic information to offspring

What has one copy of the chromosomes (1n)?

The Egg and Sperm

Recombinant Chromosomes 

One of the main sources of genetic diversity 

Centromere

Connects the two sister chromatids together

Telomere

the body of the sister chromosomes

Monosomy

1 chromosome

Trisomy

3 chromosomes