Module 2 Bio 10

Why do cells need a way to replace themselves?

worn out or damaged

The Cell Cycle

An ordered series of events that produces two daughter cells

Genome

A complete set of DNA

G1 Phase

Growth Phase 1

• getting ready for DNA replication

• accumulating the building blocks

• making sure the cell has enough energy

S Phase

Synthesis Phase

• DNA is replicated

G2 Phase

Growth Phase 2

• getting ready for the mitotic phase

• energy is replenished

• cell organelles are duplicated

Mitosis

A type of cell division

4 stages of Mitosis

1. Prophase

2. Metaphase

3. Anaphase

4. Telophase

Cytokinesis

The process in which the cell splits

Why does the cell have checkpoints?

to make sure the cell cycle is happening correctly

G1 Checkpoints

• cells irreversibly committing cell division

• check for genome damage

• favorable conditions for cell division

G2 Checkpoint

keeps the cell from entering the mitotic phase if certain conditions are not met

• cell size

• protein reserves

• all chromosomes have been replicated correctly

M checkpoint

Metaphase

• occurs at the end of metaphase

• to make sure that the sister chromatids are attached to the spindle correctly

Tumor suppressor Genes

Genes that code for negative regulator proteins (protiens that stop the cell cycle)

P53

A tumor suppressor gene

• when mutated causes cancer

Binary Fusion

A cell division process done ONLY by prokaryotic cells (simple and faster)

Reproduction

the general term for the transfer of DNA to the next generation 

Sexual reproductions purpose and result

to produce new genetic combinations

Great for genetic diversity

Sexual reproduction

The most common reproductive strategy

What two parts of the plant are used for sexual reproduction?

Stamen and Stigma

What problem do plants encounter due to having both sexual organs?

Self fertilization 

Karyotype

A visual representation of chromosomes through a microscope

Meiosis

The process of passing down genetic information to offspring

What has one copy of the chromosomes (1n)?

The Egg and Sperm

Recombinant Chromosomes 

One of the main sources of genetic diversity 

Centromere

Connects the two sister chromatids together

Telomere

the body of the sister chromosomes

Monosomy

1 chromosome

Trisomy

3 chromosomes

Gregory Mendel

discovered that each gamete provided a “critical factor” that is given to the offspring

What was Mendel’s Experiment?

Mating pea plants with different observable traits

Why did Mendel mate pea plants?

1. sexually reproduce

2. Breeding is easily controlled

3. Many visual varieties

Genetic cross

mating organisms to produce offspring

Self pollination

using one plant to produce offspring

Cross-plantation

mating two plants together to create offspring

P

Parental generation

F1

first generation 

F2

second generation

Phenotype

physical appperance

Genotype

genetic makeup

Allele

a version of a specific gene

Dominant

A trait that masks the expression of another trait

Recessive

The trait that is being masked by the dominant trait

Homozygous

Both alleles are the same

Heterozygous 

alleles are different

Non-Mendelian Inheritance

When genes don’t behave like they did in the pea plants

Incomplete Dominance

when traits do blend

Codominance

when multiple versions of the trait are dominant

ex. blood type

Mendels 1st experiment

Self-pollination of a yellow pea plant seed resulted in 100% yellow offspring

Mendels 2nd experiment

Cross-pollination of a yellow and green pea plant seeds resulted in a 100% yellow offspring however they were heterozygous.

Mendels 3rd experiment 

A plant seed was taken from the 2nd experiment (F1) snd self pollinated resulted in a 75% yellow seedlings and 25% green seed

Eukaryotes

• linear chromosomes (x structure)

• have a alot of Dna if unraveled

Histones

a protien that codes for organization strands of dna are wrapped around histones to create the structure of the chromosome

Prokaryotes

• singular circular chromosomes

• no histones

3 componentes of nucleotides

phosphate

sugar

base (interchangeable)

What are the bases of DNa

G,C,A,T

what are the bases for RNA

G,C,A,U

Dna Base Pairs

G=C

A=T

Coding Dna

DNA that codes for something

Non coding Dna

scientist are not really sure what it does

How do we use DNA to compare different species?

We use genes to help build evolutionary trees; the sequence of DNA bases in comparsion to other organisms

Sickle Cell Disease

a disease that misshapens red blood cells to a crescent shape he cause is a mutated allele bb

Malaria

A virus found in tropical places around the world; however, having the heterozygous SCD allele makes you immune to the virus

Carl Linnaeus

A racist created the modern class system; which classified people into races with positive and negative connotations

how do companies like 23 in me tell me what region im from

the look that your disease genotypes and make a prediction