AP Gov. Supreme Court Case

Judicial Review

The power of federal courts to determine the constitutionality of laws and executive orders.

Elastic Clause

Gives Congress the authority to make all laws necessary and proper for executing its powers.

Clear and Present Danger Test

A standard to determine whether speech is protected under the 1st Amendment based on its potential to incite harm.

Equal Protection Clause

A provision of the 14th Amendment that requires states to provide equal protection under the law to all persons.

Establishment Clause

Part of the 1st Amendment that prohibits the government from establishing a religion.

Right to Counsel

The legal right of an accused person to have the assistance of a lawyer.

One Man, One Vote

The principle that each vote should carry equal weight in elections.

Liberty (14th Amendment)

Refers to the fundamental rights and freedoms protected by due process.

Selective Incorporation

The process by which the Bill of Rights is applied to the states through the 14th Amendment.

Prior Restraint

Government action that prohibits speech or other expression before it can take place.

Compelling Government Interest

A fundamental interest that the government may assert to justify restrictions on constitutional rights.

Implied Powers

Powers not explicitly stated in the Constitution but necessary to carry out enumerated powers.

Symbolic Speech

Nonverbal communication that conveys a political message.

Self-Defense (2nd Amendment)

The right to use reasonable force to protect oneself from harm.

Free Exercise Clause

The part of the 1st Amendment that protects the rights of individuals to practice their religion as they see fit.

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA)

Legislation that regulates campaign financing, which was partially upheld in Citizens United v. FEC.

Federalism

The division of powers between national and state governments.

Constitutional Amendments

Official changes or additions to the U.S. Constitution.

Roe v. Wade

A landmark decision that established a woman's legal right to have an abortion.

McCulloch v. Maryland

A Supreme Court case confirming federal supremacy over state laws.