Yasmin L Chapter 13: Gastroenterology

What is the alimentary canal?

¨digestive system¨

What are two types of glands in the body?

endocrine

exocrine glands

endocrine glands

secretes hormones into the bloodstream

exocrine glands

secretes hormones into ducts(tubes in body)

What are the accessory exocrine glands of the digestive system?

secrete enzymes and other substances into the ALIMENTARY CANAL (DIGESTIVE CANAL)

What is special about the pancreas?

only organ that is both endocrine and exocrine

Ingestion

eating and swallowing

digestion

digesting food into bits

Absorption

good properties of the food is absorbed by the body

Egestion

pooping or peeing getting rid of the waste

What are food residues?

cellulose

What are the four major types of organic compounds?

1. carbohydrates

2. lipids

3. proteins

4. nucleic acids

What are the division of the alimentary canal?

mouth

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

anus

What is fauces?

hole in the back of the mouth

What is the superior labial frenulum?

the upper lips/ Bridle

What is the inferior labial frenum?

the lower lip

What are the three part of the tooth?

crown, neck, root

What is the enemal?

the outer layer of your teeth, makes them strong

What are the two parts of the crown?

anatomical crown

clinical crown-visible above the gingiva(gum)

anatomical crown

What superior portion of the tooth covered by enamel

clinical crown

visible above the gingiva(gum)

What is a root canal?

infection of pulp

What is the occlusal surface of the crown?

the portion of the crown that contains opposing teeth

What are cusps?

elevations present on the occlusal surface of the crown

incisors

biting

canines

tearing

premolars

grinding

molars

grinding and crushing

What are deciduous teeth?

¨fall out¨(milk)¨baby¨teeth

when do baby teeth come in?

6 months after birth

How many total baby teeth are there?

20

When do baby teeth fall out?

6 years old

how many total adult teeth?

32

what material are the teeth made up of?

enamel

what is the pulp cavity?

containing many sensory nerve fibers

what are dental caries?

cavities

what is gingivitis?

gum infection

what is pyorrhea?

periodontitis-infection of tooth socket (alveolar socket)

what is an impacted wisdom tooth?

comes in at an angle

what is mastication?

chewing

what is deglutition?

swallowing

What are chemoreceptors on the tongue?

chemical receptors that trigger taste

What are the three types of tonsils?

1. palatine tonsils

2. lingual tonsils

3. pharyngeal tonsils

what are adenoids?

enlarged pharyngeal tonsils

what type of tissue is inside the tonsil?

macrophages and lymphocytes

what are immunoglobulins?

inactive foreign substances

what is tonsillitis?

inflammation of tonsils

what is a tonsillectomy?

surgical removal of tonsils

where are the parotid salivary glands?

located just in front and below the ears

what are mumps?

inflamed parotid glands

what is the function of saliva?

liquid that helps oral health, aids digestion, and provides immune protection

what are two parts of the palate?

anterior and posterior

what is the pharynx?

throat

what is the oropharynx?

middle part of the throat located behind the mouth

where is the laryngopharynx?

at the back of the throat behind the larynx

what is a bolus?

ball of food

what is the function of the epiglottis?

bends down to prevent food from entering larynx

what is the esophagus?

10 in muscular tube that extends from the laryngopharynx down to the stomach

What is peristalsis?

wave like smooth muscle contraction that moves down

where is the stomach located?

the left upper quadrant of the abdomen

what is acid reflux?

heartburn

stomach acid flows into the esophagus

what are the three parts of the stomach?

fundus-high point

body

pylorus

what is the gastroesophageal sphincter?

one way valve between the stomach and esophagus

what is the pyloric sphincter?

valve at the bottom of the stomach that controls the digested food

greater curvature of the stomach

gastric and fundic zones

lesser curvature of the stomach

gastric folds

what are the functions of the greater omentum?

1. cushions underlying viscera

2. protects underlying visera from then spread of infection

3. stores fat

what is gastric rugae?

ridges/folds of the mucosal lining

what is chyme?

stomach functions to churn, mix and hold digested food

where is hydrochloric acid created?

parietal cells

where is pepsinogen created?

parietal cells or chief cells

what does pepsin do?

break down protein

what substance are normally absorbed through the stomach?

1. water

2. monosaccharides

3. alcohol

4. aspirin

What is a gastric ulcer?

sore on the inner lining of the stomach(helicobacter pylori)

what are gastric ulcers caused by?

helicobacter pylori

what is flatulence?

¨gas¨ caused by carbonated drinks

what is pyloric stenosis?

the pylorus thickens and narrowing the opening and preventing food from entering the small intestine

How long is the small intestine?

20 feet long

what are the three parts of the small intestine?

1. duodenum

2. jejunum

3. ileum

what function happens in the duodenum?

digestion

what is the function of the jejunum and ileum?

absorption of nutrients

what are lacteals?

lymphatic organs that absorb fat from the small intestine

what is the function of the microvilli in the small intestine?

it increase the surface area for more nutrient absorption

where is bile produced?

in the liver by liver cells

where is bile stored?

in the gallbladder

what does bile contain?

muncin(mucus)

bilirubin(green color)

cholesterol

lecithin(phospholipid)

fatty acids

bile salts(steroids)

What is the function of bile?

helps digest fats

acts like a detergent to emulsify (dissolve) fats in water

What is the hepato-pancreatic sphincter?

valve apart of the duodenum that controls the flow of juices

what is the large intestine?

4 foot tube from the ileo-cecal sphincter (ileum cecum) to the anus

what is the ascending colon?

goes up ..…

what is transverse colon?

goes across …..

what is descending colon?

goes down……

what is the sigmoid colon?

s-shaped ….

what is the rectumm?

end of large intestine …..

what is the anus?

outer layer of the intestine on your butt (terminal end)

what are sacculations on the large intestine called?

haustra

What is the main function of the large intestine?

water storage and electrolytes

what bacteria is most commonly found in the large intestine?

E coli

what is the function of the appendix?

tonsil of the abdomen, helps digestive system after sickness

What does vermiform mean?

wormlike