Functional Groups in Bio

hydroxyl

—OH

alcohol

polar— increases solubility in water

forms hydrogen bonds with water

carbonyl

—C=O (C bonds with two other groups)

ketone: on the inside of compound ex. acetone

aldehyde: on the end ex.propanol

they are structural isomers

found in sugars

polar— increases solubility in water

carboxyl

—C=O +—-OH has alcohol and double bonded to O

carboxylic acid or organic acid

vinegar taste-acetic acid

acts as an acid (donates H+)

OH becomes O^- and H^+

polar— increases solubility in water

amino

—-N—H—H nitrogen in center with two H extending off

amene

ex. glycine (G in Dna)

acts as a base (picks up H^+)

NH2 becomes NH3^+

polar— increases solubility in water

sulfhydryl

—SH

thiol

ex. cysteine (C in Dna)

“cross linking” two —SH groups forms a strong bond in proteins

polar— increases solubility in water

phosphate

center P with 4 bonds to oxygen, one being a double bond

(the oxygen can have H’s)

organic phosphate

glycerol phosphate- backbone of phospholipids

contributes a negative charge to the molecule it is a part of

reacts with water and releases energy

polar— increases solubility in water

methyl

center C with three H attached

methylated compound

5-methyl cytidine- modified component of DNA

addition of methyl group to DNA (or molecules bound to DNA) affects the expression of gene

ester

center C attached —O and =O (one oxygen and one oxygen double bond)

connects to a carbon chain

involved with lipids

polar— increases solubility in water