X-Ray Study Guide 1

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Why do we take x-rays?

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1

Why do we take x-rays?

help save lives and money

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2

What is the order of solutions in processing film?

1.developer

2.fixer

3.water

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3

What causes forshortening?

-processing

-placement error

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4

Snap of ray are ___ ended, used for bi-section.

double

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5

Why are x-rays important?

-diagnose caries

-evaluate health of tooth and bone

-evaluation of growth and development

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6

What type of people do we use occlusal film for?

children and edentulous pts.

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7

What might we find out on an x-ray?

Find abscesses, tumor, extra teeth, caries

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8

What does ionization causes?

causes harmful effects in humans

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9

Important property of x-rays:

shorter wavelengths are preferred

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10

What is the basic aim of the use of radiation?

Obtain the desired diagnostic info with minimal exposure to the pt. and dental team

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How can we protect ourselves and our patients?

staying away 6ft., eliminating contrast by adjusting equipment

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13

What can we NEVER do while taking x-rays?

holding the cone or not standing behind the lead/gypsum wall

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14

What is the primary measurement of operator x-ray exposure called?

REMs (Roentgen Equivalent Man)

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15

How do we measure radiation absorbed?

RAD (Radiation Absorbed Dose)

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16

How can we filter the x-ray beam?

use of an aluminum filter

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17

What do we do if a patient refuses x-rays?

That the patient might not get the care they need if they deny help from the dentist. X-Ray refusal form! (most important)

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18

What is a latent period in radiation biology?

(stimulus to effects)

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19

What is a latent period anywhere else?

period between infection with a virus or other microorganisms and the onset symptoms

(time in between)

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20

What is the best film speed?

F (fast)

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21

Why is "F” the best film speed?

it is the fastest and it absorbs radiation the quickest

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22

What are examples of processing errors?

-temp. of solution

-light exposure

-stored poorly in container

-time exposed to chemicals

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23

What is the lead washer and what is its function?

It helps limit the size of the radiation beam

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24

What causes scatter radiation?

Radiation that bounces off objects and the pt. (target)

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25

What does ALARA stand for?

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

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26

What is the point of ALARA?

to obtain the desired diagnostic information with minimum exposure to the patient and dental personnel

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27

What did we learn about processing x-rays?

minimize the amount of retakes, be able to see contact points, see different color indications, and always maintain diagnostic quality

(70 degrees in five minutes)

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28

What is the greatest danger to the operator in terms of radiation encountered in the dental office?

scatter radiation!

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29

Name a few examples of cells that are more vulnerable to radiation.

Blood cells, immature reproductive cells, young bone cells, lymphoid tissue, bone marrow, testes, and intestines

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30

What are the different types of effects of radiation on cells?

Short term and long term effects, somatic and genetic

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31

What cells are more reactive?

thyroid cells, blood cells, reproductive cells, bone marrow

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32

What cells are less reactive?

muscles, salivary glands, kidney cells, mature blood cells

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33

What are the responsibilities of x-ray unit owners?

-registration of dental radiographic equipment

-radiation protection

-every 2 years you need to re-register

-make sure it's in safe working order (no leaks)

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34

What is title 17 in the CA radiation handbook about?

-registering their x-ray machines

-up to date on the registration at least 30 days after having it in their possession

-renew it every two years

-when getting rid of it, register that you no longer have it

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35

What factors affect the amount of radiation present during the x-ray Process?

The film speed, modifying setting, speed, time, distance traveled, density

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36

How much radiation should a dental assistant be occupationally exposed to?

0%

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37

How will you monitor radiation a dental assistant could be occupationally exposed to?

dosimeter badge

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38

Why are different materials different shades on an x-ray?

Bone density (atomic number)

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39

What is the best protection from radiation for an operator?

standing behind a lead/gypsum wall

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40

In your own words, how are x-rays made?

filament heats, boils electrons, negative and positive electrons, collision, energy created, shoots out PID

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41

What is the collimator?

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42

What is the collimator also called?

lead washer

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43

What is the function of a collimator?

restricts the size of a primary beam to a maximum of 2.75 inches

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44

What would you say to a patient who asked why you leave the room when x-rays are taken?

you are here to take your x-rays and I am here taking them every day so my exposure is a lot more than yours

(your exposure is a lot less than mine)

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45

What would you say to a patient who declines x-rays?

X-rays are very important to find out things we may not see. If pt. still refuses, have them fill out X-ray Refusal Form.

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46

X-ray tube:

allows x-rays to pass through

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47

Metal housing:

keeps radiation inside

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48

Insulating oil:

absorbs any heat or energy

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49

Glass window:

Allows radiation through

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50

Lead collimator:

Restricts size of beam of 2.75 inches

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51

PID/Cone:

Directs the beam to the target

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52

Aluminum disc:

Filters radiation

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Tube head seal:

Seals everything off

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54

Filament circuit:

Heats up electrons

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Cathode:

Produces electrons (negative)

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Anode:

creates positive charge

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57

What is the latent period in radiograph?

period in between exposure and effect

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58

What are the key differences between somatic and genetic effects of radiation? Somatic:

any cell but reproductive cells (occurs in person who was exposed)

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59

What are the key differences between somatic and genetic effects of radiation? Genetic:

damage to genetic cells or chromosomes, may appear in future generations, and can't be repaired

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60

Where would we find specifics about the safe use of dental radiation?

CA Radiation handbook

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61

Can the assistant diagnose radiographs?

No, only dentists may (DA can only interpret/take)

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62

What are examples of extraoral films?

-CBCT 3D

-Panoramic

-Ceph. 2D

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63

What are examples of intraoral films?

-PA

-BW 2D

-occlusal

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64

What is the difference between intraoral and extraoral films?

one is taken inside the mouth and the other is outside of the mouth

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65

How would we identify the sinus on a radiograph?

show as radiolucent AKA dark

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66

Where is the sinus found on a radiograph?

maxillary/posterior arch above the roots of the teeth

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67

What does the sinus look like?

dark spaces

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68

What does periapical/PA mean?

around the root (a few mm under the root)

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69

What is expected to be seen in a PA?

shows the entire tooth and surrounding structures

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70

What is film size 0 used for?

pedo.

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71

What is film size 1 used for?

ant. PA

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72

What is film size 2 used for?

post. PA, BW AKA adult film

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73

What is film size 3 used for?

long BW

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74

What is film size 4 used for?

occlusal

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75

What is the measurement “rad” for?

measuring how much radiation the DA has taken in

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76

Why are different structures/objects different shades on a radiograph?

The densities determine whether or not they are radiopaque or radiolucent

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77

What will we find on a Panoramic radiograph?

the entire jaw, unerupted teeth, 3rd molars, impacted teeth, nerve, and TMJ

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78

Can any exposure to radiation potentially cause damage?

Yes, there is potential short-term damage and long-term damage along with somatic and genetic effects

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79

What controls the quantity of an x-ray beam?

MA

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80

What controls the quality of an x-ray beam?

KVP

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81

What controls the intensity of an x-ray beam?

exposure, time, distance, KVP, MA (all of the above)

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82

What is required for duplicating film?

-dup. film

-dup. machine

-dark room

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83

Why would we duplicate film?

1) referring a pt. to a specialist

2) sending copies to ins. company

3) when a pt. requests records transfer

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84

What is an intensifying screen for?

For extraoral films like Pano. and Ceph.

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85

Why is the intensifying screen beneficial?

-limiting radiation

-intensifies effects of radiation

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86

What receptacle holder is used for parallel technique?

XCP

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87

What receptacle holder is used for bisection technique?

snap of ray

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88

What is used for extraoral radiography (receptacle)?

cassette

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89

What does the color yellow represent for a receptacle holder?

post. PA

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90

What does the color blue represent for a receptacle holder?

ant. PA

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91

What does the color red represent for a receptacle holder?

BW

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92

What is meant by radiolucent?

dark on x-ray

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93

What is meant by radiopaque?

light on x-ray

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94

What is an example of a radiolucent?

abscess

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95

What is an example of a radiopaque?

amalgam filling (mostly all restorations)

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96

What is ideal contrast and how is it controlled?

High KVP = low contrast

&

long color scale

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97

How could we tell if the x-ray holder is for digital or traditional film?

gap of space on a snap ray

and

there’s a digital sensor

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98

What do we know about the “dot” on the x-ray? Where should that always face?

faces yourself

PA = occlusal area

BW = facing towards us, bottom right

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99

How thick must the aluminum filter be on an x-ray unit that operates over 70 KVP?

2.5 mm

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100

Can any exposure to radiation potentially cause damage?

YES

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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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