research methods quiz 1

feasible

* recruits target population strategically
* priorities measurable outcomes

interesting:

attracts attention of readers

novel:

* provides different findings
* improves flaws of existing studies
* not doing a study that has been done multiple times before

ethical:

guarantees safety and reversible side effects

relevant:

* generates new knowledge
* stimulates further research

Null:

p= 0.05 or above 95% confident that your result you got are based off of the variable that you changed, not for, external circumstances

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a statement of no difference

case-series:

* observational
* no cause/effect/randomization
* all receive treatment
* ex: drug trials

cross-sectional:

* observational
* defined population at one time ( present)
* helps determine what to study next ( 1st step to cohort)
* ex: diabetes study ( defined group)

case-control:

* observational
* outcome is already known
* compare subject with disease and wot none
* look into past
* ex: exposed ( normal) unexposed (cripple) now future of them together

cohort:

* observational
* no cause/effect
* no randomization
* ex: female nurse who smokes vs one who doesn’t
* look into future

RCT simple:

* 20 subjects randomly in cold immersion
* 20 subjects random in none
* compare performance

RCT blocked:

group 1 and 2 get mixed into 2 cohorts together, then one cohort does the experimental treatment

RCT stratified:

female and males get mixed together, then one group does the experimental treatment

RCT blind:

* single: patient
* double: patient and physician
* triple: patient, physician, and investigator

single RCT:

* require experimental arm (receive treatment) and comparative arm (receive standard test)

multiple arm:

* allows multiple treatments to be assessed at the same time

cross over RCT:

* strongest
* increases control, removing confounding variables as each subject is serving as their own control
* only used if subject an return to baseline between interventions and the subjects status can remain stable throughout the study

single factors pre/post RCT:

* gold standard
* both groups get pre and post measurements
* effect of cold immersion on agility performance

subject single factor:

* used when unethical to with hold a standard treatment when comparing a new treatment
* comparative and experimental

Selection bias:

* Participants in the experiment and control groups differ substantially and cant be compared 
* Ex: subjects choose their group they want to be in 
* How to avoid: randomize the experiment 

Maturation effect:

* Time can influence the dependant variable
* Ex: growing older, stronger, wiser, and more experienced 
* How to avoid: have a control group 

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Attrition bias:

* Subjects drop out of the study once they started it 
* How to avoid: randomize the subjects so they cant choose the group they're in, recruit many, minimize # of trials 

testing/order/learning effect: 

* The pre-test affects the results of the post-test
* Subjects may gotten use to the test bc its repetitive 
* How to avoid: randomize the order of events 

Instrumentation effect:

* If there is a change in how the dependant variable is being measured during the study 
* How to avoid: use same everything for each subject, practice before trials 

expectancy/confirmation bias:

* Researchers bias towards an expected result may lead to interpretation of results desired versus what date shows 
* How to avoid: utilize placebos (fakes) when able 

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Social interaction:

* Interaction between subjects from different groups influences the outcome 
* How to avoid: make sure groups don't interact 

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History: 

* Unanticipated event change the conditions of the study which may influence the outcome 
* How to avoid: difficult, recruit more subjects for precaution, have controlled environment 

testing:

participation in pre-test influences the outcome of the IV

sampling bias:

participants of the study differ substantially from the general population

hawthorne effect:

* Participants change their behavior because they know they are benign studied or observed thus affecting generalizability 
* Difficult to eliminate because it is human nature 

funnel:

* factos influencing creatine in brain
* effect of creatine supplements
* etc
* etc

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next part explains the first part so no questions need to be asked