Angiosperms 1+2

Are angiosperms gametophyte or sporophyte dominant

Sporophyte

Angiosperms general name

flowering plants

How many species of angiosperms are there

250,000

Which phylum of seed plants has the most species

angiosperms

What are 4 larges families of angiosperms

1. sunflower family

2. orchids

3. legumes

4. grasses

Reproductive defining features of flowering plants

Flower

Reduced gametophyte

Double fertilization -> endosperm

Seeds enclosed in carpel

Fruits

Vegetative defining features of flowering plants

Sieve tube elements and companion cells

Xylem elements are mostly vessel (not tracheid)

More stomata and veins in leaves

How many microsporangia are there in a microsporophyll

4

Pollen (ploidy and offical)

haploid microspores

What are modified microsporophylls

stamens

Flower definition

determinate shoot that bears sporophylls

Determinate shoot

Shoot with growth of a limited duration

Perinanth

calyx and corolla

Calyx

whorl of sepals

Corolla

whorl of petals

Sepals

modified leaves that protect petals, photosynthetic

Petals

modified leaves that are colored for pollinator attraction

Androecium

whorl of stamens

Gynoecium

whorl of carpels/pistil

Stamens

microsporophylls (male reproductive)

Carpels

megasporophylls (female reproductive)

What is the suggested method that caprels developed

megasporophylls that folded over to enclose ovules

apocarpous

carpels that are separate and free

Syncarpous

carpels that are fused together

Complete

Have all four whorls (calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium)

Perfect

have both male (androecium) and female (gynoecium)

How many nuceli and what type do angiosperm microgametophytes have

1 Tube nucleus and 2 Sperm nuclei, 3 total

How many cells and nuclei is the mature megagametophyte

7 but 8 nuclei

How many time does the mother cell go through mitosis

3 times

What cells are the microphyle end

1 egg and 2 sister synergids

What cells are at the chalaza end

3 antipodal cells

What nuclei are are in the center

2 polar nuclei

pollination

transfer of pollen to a stigma

fertilization

fusion of sperm and egg

Double fertilization

produces zygote (2N) and endosperm (3N)

What is the endosperm developed from

polar nuclei and sperm

Purpose of endosperm

food for embryo

After ferilization what are the carpel and ovary called

fruit

What does the fruit wall consist of

exocarp (leathery), mesocarp (fleshy), endocarp (stony)

Simple fruit

from one carpel (tomato)

Aggregate

from separate carpels of one flower (strawberry seeds)

Multiple

from gynoecia of more than one flower (pineapple)

What period did flowering plants appear

cretaceous

What did darwin call flower origin

abominable mystery

amborella

sister to all other living angiosperms

monocot characteristics

one cotyledon

Flower parts in 3

one pollen aperture

Parallel leaf veins

Dicots/Eudicots characteristics

Two cotyledons

Flower parts in 4-5s

3 pollen apertures

Reticulate leaf veins

Why type of group are dicots

artificial (not monophyletic)

Others (paleoherbs) characterisitcs

Three flower parts

Two cotyledons

One pollen aperture

Two groups of eudicots

rosids and asterids

Rosid distinction

free petals

Asterid distinction

fused petals

Monocot diversity

very divers, half are orchids or grasses