Phonetics Exam 3

Why does acoustics matter

• understanding hearing loss and how speech works

• develop AI

Invariance

• property of a sound remaining unchanged despite speakers individual voice

timing

• measured in ms

• syllables in english 140-250 ms long 

• help distinguish voiced v. voiceless plosives

frequency

• # cycles a vibrating body completes in 1 sec

• 125 Hz avg. male F0

• pitch 

intensity

• amplitude

• dB

• loudness and sonority

intensity low to high (7)

7 vowels

6 glides

5 liquids

4 nasals

3 voiced fricatives

2 voiceless fricatives

1 voiced stops

0 voiceless stops

waveform

• graphic representation of sound

• x axis- time, y axis intensity 

• reflects back and forth movement of air particles

Spectrogram

• time, frequency, intensity 

frequency calculation

1= f/t

t= 1/f

f=1/t

pure vs. complex tones

• pure tones look like sine waves

• complex= many pure added together 

• speech is complex tones

formants

• resonant frequencies of vocal tract- change as we move the jaw 

• F1- vowel height (low jaw/tongue = higher F1) (~250-750)

• F2- backness (further back= lower F2) (~850-2300)

voiced ______ at the end of words makes the vowel _________ than short consonants

consonants, longer

stop gaps

• before the release of a stop, a gap in the spectrogram

voicing of stops identified through

voice onset time

place of articulation of stops indentified through

• formant transitions 

fricatives

• forced breathing through constriction

• larger cavity in front of constriction = lower frequency 

• /h/- lowest frequency 

sibilant fricatives

• most intensity

• [s]

• [z]

• [ʃ]

• [ʒ]

non-sibilant

• least intensity

• ⟨ð⟩

• ⟨v⟩

• ⟨θ⟩

• f

• h

affricate

• stop plus fricative

• tS

• d3

sonorants

• vowels, glides, liquids, nasals

• little constriction

• continuous voicing 

• resonance throughout vocal tract

• formant structure like vowels

glides

• look like vowels or dipthong

• formant structure

• shorter and less intense than vowels 

F0 clinical applications

• habitiual pitch

  • cues to indentify gender

  • targeted for gender affirming voice therapy

  • parkinsons

  • formannt transitions used for speech sound accuracy 

utterance

• different than sentence

• clinical practice - single word assessment GFTA

what happens in connected speech

• phonemes may be altered/eliminated

• continous changes in stress, intonation, timing of phonemes

assimilatory proceses

• coarticultion - anticipating other utterances in word and tweaking anatomy to be more effiicient 

• nasal assimilation - vowel folled by nasal is also nasalized

• complete or partial, progressive or regressive 

elision

• omission of sound or syllable to make it faste r

• “ want to, i dont even know, probably “ etc

epenthesis

• addition of phonemes due to coartic, variation, speeh sound disorders

• glides at word boundaries 

• “to each, going, leo” sneaky  w & j 

metathesis

• switching order 

• spaghetti- pasghetti

intonation 

• modification of f0 to stress particular workd

• rising vs falling 

tempo

• durational aspects of connected speech 

• avg. 5-5.5 syllables per second

tempo- juncture 

• external- pause bt phrases

• internal- pause bt words & syllables