restorative justice exam 1

What are patterns of thinking in justice studies?

Ways of seeing crime that are useful but limiting, like early Flat Earth beliefs

How did ancient justice systems view crime?

As harm to victims, families, and communities, requiring restitution

What is an example of ancient justice requiring restitution?

The Code of Hammurabi, Roman law, and Hebrew shalom

When did the shift to state control of crime occur?

During the feudal era, when crime became an offense against the king/state

What happened to restitution under state control?

It was replaced by fines, sidelining the victim

What was the rehabilitation model?

An 18th century approach emphasizing penitentiaries, repentance, and reform

What was the Walnut Street Jail?

An early penitentiary experiment led by Quakers in the 18th century

Why did rehabilitation efforts often fail?

Cycles of optimism turned to failure due to persistent recidivism

How did the victim's role decline in justice?

Private prosecution was replaced by state prosecutors and professional policing

What are key critiques of the criminal justice system?

High recidivism, victim dissatisfaction, and failures of punitive systems

Who introduced the term "restorative justice"?

Albert Eglash in 1958

What did Albert Eglash contrast restorative justice with?

Retributive and distributive justice

Who was Howard Zehr?

A pioneer of restorative justice who wrote "Changes Lenses" (1990)

How did Indigenous traditions shape restorative justice?

Through Maori conferencing and First Nations circles

What is Victim-Offender Mediation (VOM)?

A program starting in Canada in the 1970s where victims and offenders meet

What is Family Group Conferencing (FGC)?

A process formalized in New Zealand in 1989 involving families in justice

What are circles in restorative justice?

Indigenous-based processes focused on healing and community dialogue

What was the Elmira case?

A 1974 Canadian case that sparked VOM programs

What law in New Zealand advanced RJ?

The Children, Young Persons, and Their Family Act (1989)

When did RJ expand internationally?

Between the 1970s-1990s, adopted in US, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and Europe

What are the three views of restorative justice?

a philosophy, a set of processes, or a justice theory

What is the first principle of restorative justice?

Crime causes harm; justice seeks to heal victims, offenders, and communities

What is the second principle of RJ?

All stakeholders should actively participate

What is the third principle of RJ?

Government maintains order, community promotes peace

What are the four cornerposts of RJ?

Encounter, Amends, Reintegration, Inclusion

What is "encounter" in RJ?

Direct meetings between those affected by crime

What is "amends" in RJ?

Offenders repairing harm through restitution, apology, or service

What is "reintegration" in RJ?

Restoring victims and offenders to the community

What is "inclusion" in RJ?

Ensuring all voices are heard in the process

What is RJ's role in prevention?

Shared responsibility of state and community for safety

What do victims need in RJ?

Respect, information, input, restitution, psychological healing, and answers

What do offenders need in RJ?

Fair treatment, responsibility-taking opportunities, and reintegration chances

What do communities need in RJ?

To support reintegration, prevent crime, and promote healing

How does the current system exclude victims?

By treating them mainly as witnesses

How does the current system sideline communities?

By centralizing justice in state institutions

What is an example of inclusion in RJ?

Community circles after burglary where victim and offender both participate

What role do schools play in RJ inclusion?

Using circles for conflict resolution instead of suspensions

Why is inclusion essential in RJ?

Because justice requires the participation of all stakeholders

How can communities participate in RJ?

By supporting reintegration and hosting restorative processes

What challenges exist in inclusion?

Victim exclusion, offender stigmatization, and community neglect

What is an encounter in RJ?

A voluntary meeting between victims, offender, and affected parties

What are the four main types of encounters?

VOM, FGC, Healing Circles, and Victim-Offender Panels

What is the first element of an encounter?

Meeting for face-to-face dialogue

What is the second element of an encounter?

Narrative: each shares their story

What is the third element of an encounter?

Emotion: space for feelings

What is the fourth element of an encounter?

Understanding: empathy and perspective-taking

What is the fifth element of an encounter?

Agreement: restitution, apology, or service

What are benefits of encounters?

Humanizes participants, builds empathy, supports healing, promotes accountability

What safeguards are needed in encounters?

Voluntary participation, managing power imbalances, avoiding coercion

What is an example of encounter success?

Burglary victim meeting offender leading to apology and restitution