alabama tracheophytes

pteridophytes and spermatophytes

types of tracheophytes in alabama

pteridophytes

non-seed bearing tracheophytes

spermatophytes

seed-bearing tracheophytes

1. lycophytes
2. ferns

common names for alabama pteridophytes

\~12,000 species

worldwide number of pteridophyte species

\~76 species

alabama number of pteridophyte species

can have just tracheids (ex. lycopodium) OR tracheids and vessel members (ex. selaginella)

xylem in pteridophytes

have sieve cells and albuminous cells

phloem in pteridophytes

all types EXCEPT atactosteles

types of steles found in alabama pteridophytes

microphylls (lycopodiophyta only) and megaphylls

leaf types in pteridophytes

eusporangium OR leptosporangium (leptosporangium found in advanced ferns only)

sporangium in pteridophytes

homosporous

spore habit of lycopodium

heterosporous

spore habit of selaginella

biflagellated OR multiflagellated

sperm in pteridophytes

water for sperm to swim through

required for syngamy in pteridophytes

1. lycopodiophyta
2. pteridophyta

alabama pteridophyte phyla

1. lycophyta
2. microphyllophyta

synonyms for lycopodiophyta

lycophytes

common name for lycopodiophyta

\~1,200 species

worldwide number of lycopodiophyta species

\~15 species

alabama number of lycopodiophyta species

1. lycopodium
2. selaginella

genera of lycopodiophyta in alabama

lycopodium

genera of lycopodiophyta that only has tracheids

selaginella

genera of lycopodiophyta that has tracheids AND vessel members

adventitious root

non-embryonic root derived from a stem

1. cortex
2. cortical cavity present OR absent
3. trabeculae present OR absent

anatomy of lycopodiophyta stems

trabeculae

cortex cells that pass through the cortical cavity to the stele

plectostele, type of protostele

stele type of lycopodiophyta

rhizome

underground stem with extensive lateral growth

present aerial stem with dichotomous branching

type of aerial stem in lycopodiophyta

only type of plant that possesses microphylls

leaves in lycopodiophyta

alternate microphyll leaves

phyllotaxy in lycopodiophyta

isophyllous leaves

when there is only one morphological leaf form present

anisophyllous leaves

when there are two morphological leaf forms present

ligule

small, tongue-like leaf outgrowth with an unknown function that is present OR absent in lycopodiophyta

reniform, foliar, adaxial eusporangium

type of sporangium in lycophytea

reniform

kidney-shaped

foliar

leaf-derived

adaxial

location that is on the upper surface of the sporophyll leaf

homosporous OR heterosporous

spore habit of lycopodiophyta

strobilus

sporophyll aggregate

microsporophyll

microsporangium-bearing leaf

megasporangium

megaporangium-bearing leaf

exosporic = bisexual

relationship between exosporic and bisexual

endosporic = unisexual

relationship between endosporic and unisexual

epiterranean or subterranean

growth habit of exosporic gametophytes

epiterranean in exosporic gametophytes

grows on the surface, is photosynthetic

subterranean in exosporic gametophytes

grows below the surface, is non-photosynthetic

mycorrhizae

fungus symbiont in gametophytes

mycorrhizae present

mycorrhizae concentration in an epiterranean gametophyte

mycorrhizae abundant

mycorrhizae concentration in a subterranean gametophyte

rhizoid

root-like outgrowth that enhances nutrient absorption in the mycorrhizae

mycorrhizae are absent

mycorrhizae concentration in an endosporic gametophyte

epiterranean, non-photosynthetic

growth habit of endosporic gametophytes

exists on reserves

reason for the existence of endosporic gametophytes

biflagellated

sperm morphology of lycopodiophyta

\~410 mya (silurian)

lycopodiophyta evolved

baragwanathia

oldest known lycophyte

\~280 mya (carboniferous)

lycophytte zenith

zenith

period of greatest diversity

sigillaria

tree lycophytes present during the carboniferous period (no longer exist)

1. lycopodiales
2. selaginales

alabama orders of lycopodiophyta

club-mosses

common name for lycopodiales

\~400 species

worldwide number of lycopodiales species

\~6 species

alabama number of lycopodiales species

forests

location of lycopodiales

possess only tracheids

lycopodiales xylem

1. cortex
2. cortical cavity and trabeculae are absent

lycopodiales stem anatomy

isophyllous, absent ligules, microphyll leaves

lycopodiales leaf morphology

homosporous

spore habit of lycopodiales

exosporic gametophyte (bisexual): epiterranean, photosynthetic OR subterranean non-photosynthetic

type of gametophyte lycopodiales is

present (photosynthetic) or abundant (non-photosynthetic)

mycorrhizae concentration in lycopodiales

are present

rhizoids in lycopodiales

suspensor

embeds embryo into gametophyte

foot

absorbs gametophyte nutrients

spike-mosses

common name for selaginales

\~750 species

worldwide number of selaginales species

\~4 species

alabama number of selaginales species

selaginella

genus of selaginales

forests and deserts

habitat of selaginella

resurrection plant

type of selaginella

has both tracheids and vessel members

xylem in selaginales

1. cortex
2. cortical cavity and trabeculae present

stem anatomy for selaginales

rhizophore

positively geotropic stem (found in selaginales)

microphyll, anisophyllous, ligules are present

leaves in selaginales

heterosporous, posessing micro- and megasporangium

spore habit of selaginales

endosporic, epiterranean, nonphotosynthetic, no mycorrhizae, unisexual

gametophyte characters of selaginales

antheridium is absent (entire gametophyte is composed of spermatocytes)

key characteristic of selaginales gametophyte characteristics

on the megagametophyte only

rhizoids in selaginales

precocious

starts development within the megasporangium

pterophyta and monilophyta

synonyms to pteridophyta

ferns, monilophytes, and pteridophytes

common names for pteridophyta

\~12,000 species

worldwide number of pteridophyta species

\~63 species

alabama number of pteridophyta species

can have tracheids OR tracheids and vessel members

xylem of pteridophyta

true root present OR absent

roots of pteridophyta

1. actinostele
2. amphiphloic
3. ectophloic
4. eustele

stele types of pteridophyta

vertical or lateral growth

rhizome of pteridophyta

megaphyls with many phyllotaxy and vernation possibilities

leaves of pteridophyta

frond

fern leaf

alternate (mostly) or whorled

phyllotaxy of pteridophyta