Biology 101 CMU Final

What does an ecosystem include?

living organisms as well as nonliving physical factors like air, sunlight, wind and water

What do they dynamics of every ecosystem depend on?

The flow of energy (usually from sunlight) and the recycling of nutrients

Describe chemical recycling

-CO2 is converted to sugars and other molecules by producers in photosynthesis

-consumers eat these sugars in plants

-Consumers release CO2

Name the Three domains of life

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Whats the difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes are simple unicellular organisms, and eukaryotes are single celled or multicellular and are larger and more sophistacated

Describe Bacteria

-Unicellular prokaryote

-found everywhere

-some cause human diesases but the majority are beneficial

Describe Archea

-Unicellular prokaryote

-Often live in extreme environments that are very hot, salty or acidic

Describe Eukarya

-Unicellular or multicellular

-subdivided into Three kingdoms by how their members obtain energy

Name the three kingdoms of Eukarya

plants, fungi, animals

Describe the plant kingdom

multicellular and uses sunlight to produce sugars through photo synthesis

Describe the kingdom of fungi

single or multicellular organisms, and they decompose and digest dead organisms

Describe the animal kingdom

multicellular, eat and digest other organisms

What are protists?

All eukaryotes that don't fit into the three kingdoms

What are producers?

Organisms that absorb the suns energy and convert it to chemical energy, meaning they can produce their own food

Describe photosynthesis

Organelles called chloroplasts use light energy to change carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen

What are consumers?

Organisms that obtain energy by eating other organisms

What does the process of cellular respiration accomplish?

Provides a way for producers and consumers to release the chemical energy stored in sugars, and that energy is used to make ATP

Where does cellular respiration happen

The mitochondria

What is ATP

A power source for many functions in the cell

What are biproducts of cellular respiration

CO2 and H2O

Who performs Cellular respiration

both producers and comsumers

where does photosynthesis happen

Choloroplasts

What are the two main stages of photosythesis

Light reactions- when energy is captured

The calvin cycle- where sugar is made

What does light reactions produce

ATP and NADPH

What does the calvin cycle use

ATP, and NADPA from light reactions and CO2 from the air

Where does the calvin cycle happen

Within the stromas inside choloroplasts

What are the outputs of the calvin cycle

gluclose

What is the outputs of the calvin cycle used for

-Used to produce ATP in cellular respiration

-Stored as carbs and used for used for growth or energy

What does cellular respiration require to work?

Oxygen and glucose

Describe aerobic respiration

-oxygen and glucose enter the body and make their way to the mitochondria

-molecule of CO2 makes its way out of the body

Which three chemical reactions make up cellular respiration?

-Glycolsis

-Krebs Cycle

-Electron transport chain

Describe glycolsis

-First step of cellular respiration

-The molecule of glucose splits into two molecules of pyruvic acid

-produces a small amount of ATP and some high energy elcetrons

Where does glyclosis take place?

The cytoplasm

Describe the krebs cycle

-Middle step of cellular respiration

-Breaks down pyruvic acid into CO2 which is released from the cell

-Produces a small amount of ATP and some high energy electrons

Where does the krebs cycle take place?

The fluid in the mitochodria

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

The inner membrane of the mitochondria

Describe the electron transport chain

-Last step of cellular respiration

- A alot of ATP is made

-electrons combine with O2 to make H2O which is relased as a biproduct

Describe anerobic respiration

-retrieving energy directly from glucose by fermentation

-Is an emergency mode for humans

-produces far less ATP then cellular respiration

-does not require oxygen

define metabolism

The sum total of all chemical reactions in the body

Why is ATP called the central currency?

All food energy leads to it and bodily work is powered by it

What was the first life to evolve on earth?

Prokaryotes

How do prokaryotes reproduce

Binary fussion

define biofilm

organized colonies of one or several species

Are all prokaryotes the same?

No, they have a wide range of shapes, features, structures, and nutritional habits

What domain is sometimes called extremeophilles

Archea

What are the three main types of Archea

-Methanogens (produce methane gas and live oxygen free)

-Halophiles (thrive in salty environments)

-Thermophiles (grow in high temp environments)

Which domain are you most likely to interact with?

Bacteria- they thrive almost everywhere

What are harmful bacteria called

Pathogens

How does bacteria affect human life?

-Life on earth depends on bacteria for their ability to fix nitrogen and decompose wastes

-Also can cause serious illnesses like salmonella and lyme disease

What is the basic timeline of life on earth?

-4.6 billion yrs- Earth forms

-3.5 billion yrs- prokaryotes= first life on earth

-2.1 billion yrs- single celled eukaryotes

-1.5 billion yrs- multicellular eukaryotes

What are Phylogenic trees?

Represents the hypothesis about shared evolution of a group of organisms- this can show how any group of species decended from a common ancestor

How did the first eukaryotic cells from from prokaryotic cells?

Endosymbiosis- First the plasma membrane folded inward, then free living prokaryotic cells were engulfed and evolved into organelles

Name the 4 most common protists

Amoebas

Algae

Sea Weed

Slime Molds

difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs

autotrophs make their own energy

What are Fungi

Eukaryotes. They are NOT protists, plants, or bacteria

What are the four different groups of plants

Nonvascular- don't have vascular tissue- moss

Vascular seedless plants- have vascular tissue- ferns

Gymnosperms- Have seeds- Conifer

Angiosperms-Have flowers- flowering plants

What is an Acoelomate?

Animals that have a digestive system with no support.

ex- flatworms

define ecology

How organisms interact with each other and with their environment

What are the 5 levels of ecology

Biosphere

Ecosystem

Community

Population

Individual

What is biosphere ecology

The global ecosystem- all of life and life's environments, the lower atmosphere, land, and all water-studies the sum of all ecosystems on earth

What is ecosystem ecology

All life living together in a particular area- all living and nonliving components including water, minerals, light, and air- concerned with energy flow and chemical cycling

What is community ecology

All populations living in a place- multiple species- interactions between species and how this affects the community

What is population ecology

Same species living in the same place at the same time- environmental factors that affect population size growth and density

What is organism ecology

Individual living being- how they adapt to their environment with physiology and behavior

How does energy enter and leave an ecosystem

Enters as sunlight

leaves as heat

Describe energy flow in an ecosystem

-energy enters as sunlight

-primary producers convert solar energy to chemical via photosynthesis

-primary consumers eat plants and consume some chemical energy, but most is lost as heat

-Secondary consumers are carnivores and eat primary consumers gaining chemical energy but losing most as heat

-Organisms die and decomposers break down nonliving matter releasing heat into the environment

how do you describe a population

Density- pure number of species

Dispersion- Clumping or widespread

Demography- age, color, gender

Dynamics- how populations change

What are the 6 main interactions between species in community ecology?

Competition

Mutualism

Predation

Herbivory

Parasitism

Commensalism

Define competition and give an example

When the required resources for two species overlap and they are forced to fight for limited resources. Has a negative effect on both populations- ex: Different species of plants compete for sunlight

Define mutualism and give an example

When two species living close together help each other. Positive effect on both species. Ex-flowers and pollinators

Define predation and give an example

Predator kills and eats prey. Positive effect on predator negative on the prey. Ex- Lion hunts gazelle

Define Herbivory and give an example

An animal eating plants. Positive effect for eaters negative for plants. Ex- deer eat forest plants

Define Parasitism and give an example

parasite lives on but does not kill a host- positive effect for parasite not for host. Ex- lice on humans

Define pathogens and give an example

Disease causing microorganisms that hurt another species; Ex- protist infection can kill big trees

Describe a trophic structure in a community

Producers- make own food

Primary consumers- herbavores

Secondary consumers-carnivores

Tertiary consumers- eat secondary consumers

Quaternary consumers- top level predators eat tertiary consumers

What is the main goal of respiration?

To create as many ATP molecules as possible

Where does the biomass in a tree come from?

the CO2 in the air that enters the leaves through their stomata

What is the goal of photosynthesis?

transform the suns energy into food

What is the goal of cellular respiration?

To make ATP

What creates climate change?

The greenhouse effect- greater concentration of Greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere due to humans means that more heat is being trapped and temps are rising

What are consequences of climate change?

coral bleaching

habitiat change

melting of polar climates

fires

What are invasive species?

Species that occur outside their native environment and spread too much because they have no natural predators. Caused by human influence

What is deforestation?

Change in distribution or abundance

loss of biodiversity

is an Agent of natural selection

what is pollution?

Affects the air and water by runoff from fertilzers which affects the algae bloom, Air pollution resulting in smog, and gyres or islands of garbage

What is overexploitation?

Over harvesting of a species resulting in loss in biodiversity, extinction, and relocation of that species predators

What is conservation biology?

The branch of biology that tries to reverse loss in biodiversity

What is the fine filter approach?

Conserving one group of species

What is the coarse filter approach?

Protecting the whole habitat

What is the flagship species approach?

Use one species as a "poster child" to raise awarness

What is the umbrella species approach?

Protecting one species will help its entire food chain and community

What is the reconciliation ecology approach?

Residents receive awards to plant certain plants going extinct and things as such

What is the restoration ecology approach?

Renewing a degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystem through active human intervention

Define phylogeny

Shows relationships between organisms

What are chordates

characterized by a tail, nerve cord, notochord, and pharyngeal slits

difference between invertebrate and vertebrates

vertebrates have backbones and an endoskeleton with a skull

what is relative abundance

The number of individuals per species and how evenly they are distributed

What is species richness

The number of different species in a community

location of light and calvin cycle

light= thylakoids

calvin cycle= stroma