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Epiphany Rising
1400
Hotspur's Rebellion
1403
Scrope's Rebellion
1405
Owain Glyndwr's Rebellion
1400 - c. 1415
Southampton Plot
1415
Cade's Rebellion
May/June 1450
Council of Constance, Martin V allows Henry V to appoint Chichele as Archbishop of Canterbury
1417
The Long Parliament
1406
Treaty of Troyes
1420
Treaty of Tours
1444
York's 1st Protectorate
27th March 1454 - 9th February 1455
York's 2nd Protectorate
November 1455 - 25th February 1456
Warwick's Death, after Battle of Barnet
1471
Institutions/Officers of State
Chancery, Exchequer, Keepers of the Privy and Great Seals, Great and Continual Councils
Great Council
125+ Magnates, Landowners
Effect of Henry IV's Usurpation, 1399
Noblemen became claimants, legitimacy could be tenuous and popular support became more important
1st Statute Against Retaining
1468, Retinues restricted to 'lawful service', Duchy of Lancaster formally privatised. Vague meaning, symbolic
2nd Statute Against Retaining
1504, Licence required for retinues (James Stanley receives £245,000 bond for illegal retaining)
Who were the leading members of the Neville family?
Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury (on the Council in 1440s); (son) Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick (from 1449); Lord Cromwell (by marriage, Maud Stanhope m. Thomas Neville)
Who were the leading members of the Percy family?
Thomas, Lord Egremont; Ralph Percy; Richard Percy
Why did the Percys and Nevilles dislike each other?
Percy land confiscated after the Hotspur Rebellion was coveted by the Nevilles
Council formed June 1471
Made Edward (son) Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, excluded Pembroke and Buckingham from membership
Towton Lancastrian Survivors
Percys, Roos, Hungerford, Exeter, Margaret of Anjou
Clarence marries Isabel Neville (against Edward's wishes)
1469
Rebellions 1469
Robins of Redesdale, Holderness
Battle of Edgecote
1469
Who was sacked from the Chancellorship in 1467? What did he do in 1469?
George Neville, Archbishop of Canterbury; Married Clarence and Isabel Neville at Calais
Main Expenses of a 15th Century Monarch
Household/Defence/Administration
Main Defence Costs per Monarch
Scotland, Wales; France; France; France; (EV, RIII); Rebellions, Pretenders
Henry VI debts
1433: £225,000; 1450: £372,000
Henry VI expenses and deficit
Defence: £25,000; Admin: £23,000; Household: £14,000; Deficit: £16,000
Income by Monarch
HIV: £90,000; HVI: £24,000; EIV: £65,000; HVII: £100,000
What was the main form of Parliamentary taxation?
Tenths and Fifteenths (10ths in cities, 15ths in rural areas), by the 15th century this was a fixed sum applied per parish, harder to achieve post black death
What is an example of the difficulty of raising tax?
T&F called in 1449, of which only 3/4 was raised by 1453
Name attempts to introduce new taxes under Henry VI
Parishes 1428, Land 1431, Income Subsidy 1435 (revived 1472-3, only £30,000 raised of projected £60,000)
When did taxation become less important?
After Edward IV's £10,000 annual pension from the treaty of Picquigny)
When did judges note the separation of Crown and Duchy lands?
1405
When were some major opportunities for land-based patronage?
Deaths of Warwick (1471), Clarence (1478), Attainders passed after Bosworth (1485)
How much did Edward IV make from his private Duchies and Earldoms (Lancaster, York, March)?
£30,000
How much did Henry VII earn from Crown Lands?
£42,000
How much did each Monarch (up to Edward IV) earn from the Duchy of Lancaster?
£11,000; £13,000; £4,953; £10,000
How much did Lancaster contribute to Royal expenditure under the Lancastrian Monarchs?
£1,120; £4,400; £2,409
What were the monarch's 'feudal dues'
Rights on crown land, higher rents, Fee for the marriage of a resident's eldest daughter, Feudal Dues for the marriage of the King's eldest daughter, knighthood of eldest son (denied in 1504), Right to the Wardship of Idiots
How much of Royal Income was composed of Feudal rights in 1433?
7%
How much was the 'Ancient Custom' on wool?
6s 8d
How did wool exports decline in the period?
1390: c21,000 bags - 1520: c.8,500 bags; raw wool reduced, cloth exports increased.
What was the 'petty custom', whom did it affect?
Ancient Custom x 1.5; foreign merchants
What was the other custom?
3d per pound on most goods
What was poundage?
A custom on non-staple goods except those traded with the Hanseatic League
Which event damaged wine exports?
The loss of Gascony, 1453
How were most crimes settled?
With a fine
How many Nobles were under Bonds during Henry VII's reign?
50%
Foreign Policy before the Long Parliament
Piracy in the channel, restrictions placed on English trade in the Baltic by the Hanseatic League, Resurgence of the Auld Alliance 1402, 2x Naval Attacks by the French 1404, defence of Gascony and Calais £1,300 p.a. 1400-1403
Taxation before the Long Parliament
2x FTs granted October 1404, new land tax tested. 2 treasurers of war appointed to manage use of tax
Scrope's Rebellion (players, dates, reasons)
Northumberland, Mowbray, Bardolf, Scrope; May/June 1405 (Scrope executed 8 June); financial mismanagement
Details of the Long Parliament
1st March - 22nd December 1406, Attempts to Pack, Lancastrian Sir John Tiptoft appointed speaker, Council of 17 appointed 22nd May when Henry asks for help to govern.
Who was on the Council appointed by the Long Parliament?
Henry, PoW, the 3 Officers of State, Archbishop Arundel, Bishops of Winchester and London, Edward, Duke of York, John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset
What made the Long Parliament long?
Henry's illness, initially thought to be temporary
How many Parliaments were held in Henry VI's reign?
22 (+1 in 1470)
What were the main topics of Henry VI's Parliaments?
1440s, 1450s - Defence, Finance, Advisors; 1450: Trial of Suffolk; Attainder of Yorkists (Parliament of Devils, 1459)
How many Parliaments did Edward IV call?
6 (often long)
How did Edward IV fiddle with Parliament?
He packed it, often by tampering with electoral returns, such as for Clarence's trial in 1478, when 23 out of 27 shires were represented by at least one of Edward's household
What was Edward IV's relationship with taxation?
Too much in 1468, less important after Picquigny 1475. Reputation for Greed which meant RIII did not call for tax in 1484
When did Parliament show ruthlessness against bad advisors?
Wonderful Parliament 1386, Merciless Parliament 1388, Suffolk's Trial 1450
In which years did Henry V call Parliament twice?
1414, 1416, 1421
When did Henry V show evidence of taking Parliament's concerns into account, or being aware of what he could demand?
Legislating against lawlessness in 1414 after debate in 1413; Opening 1414 Parliament with promise of no FTs, calling for Justice on sea and land, not calling for FTs in March 1416 when they were still being collected from the last passing.
What was Henry's relationship with Parliament in 1416?
March - didn't call FTs, was granted tonnage and poundage for life; October - was able to ask for more tax because he hadn't asked in March
What was Henry's relationship with Parliament in 1421?
High debt, hadn't been present in Parliament 1417-1420. May - concern over debt and finances expressed.
When did the Hundred Years' War begin again after Tours?
Fougères, 1449
Which territories were lost in 1450?
Normandy, Gascony
Which area did John Talbot regain?
Bordeaux
Which battle was the end of the Hundred Years' War?
Castillon 1453 (end of English presence except at Calais)
In which three ways did the war contribute to Cade's Rebellion?
Disillusioned soldiers, debt, losses
What was initiated by the death of John Talbot at Castillon?
Henry's 17 month stupor
Which of Henry VI's uncles was regent in France and led the war effort there?
John, Duke of Bedford
Which of Henry VI's uncles was powerful in England and pushed for offensive tactics in the war?
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
When was the English victory at Verneuil?
1424
When did Joan of Arc defeat the English?
1429
When was Charles VII crowned?
July 1429
When did the Duke of Burgundy change sides?
1435
Which territory was ceded to France in the Treaty of Tours? When was this made public?
Maine; 1447
When did negotiations begin for the Spanish marriage?
1487
When was the Anglo-Spanish treaty signed? What was it called?
1489, the Treaty of Medina del Campo
When did the Proxy Marriage between Katherine and Arthur take place? Why was it delayed?
1499; Perkin Warbeck threat
When was the marriage solemnised with Katherine present in England?
1501
Who was sent with Katherine to delay the consummation?
Her Duenna, Dona Elvira; Dr De Puebla
When and where were the couple together on Henry's orders? Why did this come to an end?
Wales; December 1501 - 2nd April 1502 (Arthur died)
When did papal dispensation for Henry to marry Katherine arrive?
1504
Why was the marriage delayed?
Isabella died in November 1504
What political issue did this create? How did Henry respond?
The Castile Inheritance of Juana and her husband Philip of the Low Countries was disputed by Ferdinand, whom Isabella had attempted to insert i her will. Henry did not publicly declare, but sent money to Philip without ending the alliance with Ferdinand.
How did the Spanish situation change in 1506?
Philip died, but Henry had not received the second instalment of the dowry so he delayed proceedings.
When did Henry marry Katherine?
11th June 1509, as King
How did Edward IV prepare for his invasion of France?
Burgundian alliance 1574; taxed 1/10 of land income November 1472; Called benevolences (rumours of obliging merchants' wives appealing to their husbands); mustered 13,000 archers
When did Edward invade France? What went wrong when he arrived?
4th July 1475; Charles of Burgundy did not arrive with support as planned
What were the terms of the Treaty of Picquigny?
7 year truce; Dauphin to marry Elizabeth of York; £15,000 payment + £10,000 annual pension
What bothered English nobles about the treaty of Picquigny?
Unpatriotic, did not attempt to achieve goals, benevolences etc. not returned
When did Edward have to levy tax after Picquigny?
While at war with the Scots 1482
When was the Peasants' Revolt?
1381
What were the causes of the Peasants' Revolt?
Poll Tax; Lack of Military Success; Black Death from 1347, which had killed 30-45%; State of Labourers 1350, limited wages, movement and time off.
What impact did the Peasants' Revolt have on the young Richard II?
Made him sure of his absolute, god-given kingship, affirmed his unquestionable authority.
