Navigation Midterm Review

3 Golden Mountain Flying Rules

1. Turn towards lowering terrain. 2. Never fly beyond the point of no return (PNR). 3. Never maneuver the airplane into a position where it has an opportunity to crash.

Minimum operating altitude in mountains

2,000 ft above the valley floor.

Worst-case headwind to use for ground speed calculations

20 knots.

Preferable time of day for mountain flying

Early morning or late afternoon (for calmer air and lower Density Altitude).

Definition of Katabatic Wind

Downflow of cool air down the sides of the valley (usually at night).

Definition of Anabatic Wind

Upflow of air caused by daytime heating of the valley floor.

Conditions that create a strong Mountain Wave (Lee Wave)

Wind within 30 degrees of perpendicular and 20 knots or more in a stable air mass.

Angle to approach and cross a peak or ridge

A 45 degree angle (to allow a turn away toward lowering terrain).

Mountain Takeoff Abort Rule

Reject if 70% of Vr is not achieved by 50% of the Takeoff Distance Available (TODA).

How is Night defined?

Time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight (Sun's center is 6 degrees below the horizon).

Total flight time required for a Canadian Night Rating

20 hours.

Night flight time required for a Night Rating

10 hours (min. 5 dual

Instrument flight time required for a Night Rating

10 hours dual instrument time (max 5 hours can be ground time).

Eye parts responsible for night vision and periphery

Rods.

Time for full dark adaptation

Approximately 30 minutes.

Color of Runway Edge Lights

White.

Color of Runway Threshold Lights

Green.

Color of Taxiway Edge Lights

Blue.

VASI/PAPI indication for the correct approach slope

Red over White.

Microphone clicks for ARCAL Type J activation

5 times within 5 seconds.

Night currency requirement to carry passengers

Five night take-offs and five night landings in the preceding 6 months.

Navigation using easily identifiable landmarks is called

Pilotage.

The shortest distance between two points on the globe

which requires a constantly changing heading

A line that crosses all meridians at the same angle

providing a constant heading (but is longer)

The difference between True North and Magnetic North is called

Variation.

A line on a chart connecting points of 0 degrees variation is called the

Agonic Line.

Definition of KCAS (Knots Calibrated Airspeed)

KIAS corrected for position/instrument error.

Definition of KTAS (Knots True Airspeed)

KCAS corrected for temperature and pressure (ICE-T).

Scale of the WAC (World Aeronautical Chart)

1:1

Scale of the VNC (VFR Navigation Chart)

1:500

Recommended engine leaning procedure in relation to EGT

Lean to 50 degrees F Rich of Peak EGT.

A visual illusion where terrain is masked by shadow

Silhouette Illusion.

Rule for minimum canyon width

Double the turn radius

Rule for flying up a canyon

Fly within 300-500 ft of the side of the canyon (sunnier side preferred).

Direction of movement for an overshooting runway illusion

Distance between runway edge lights increases (runway appears to narrow).