Block 1 Exam Anatomy

Anterior

toward the front of the body

Posterior

toward the back of the body

Superior

 above or toward the head

Inferior

below or toward the feet

Proximal

closer to the point of attachment/origin

Distal

farther from the point of attachment/origin

Rostral

toward the nose/front of the brain

Caudal

toward the tail/back of the brain

Compact bone

dense outer layer of bone 

Organized with osteons (tiny, cylinder-shaped building blocks of compact bone)

• Found along the outer surface of bones and makes up most of the shaft (diaphysis) of long bones.

Spongy (cancellous) bone

Found within flat bones and within the epiphyses (ends) of long bones
 
lighter, porous bone made of a network of trabeculae (little “beams” of bone)

Red bone marrow is found within the trabeculae of spongy bone

Osteoporosis

characterized by low bone mass, bone reabsorption outpaces bone

deposition, occurs in most of women after menopause (secretion of estrogens helps

maintain bone density)

(osteoclast (break down bone) are outpacing the osteoblast (produce bone))

Rickets

occurs in children, analogous to osteomalacia, weakened and bowed legs,

malformation of the head and ribs (caused by dietary Vit D and calcium phosphate

deficiency). In adults called Osteomalacia.

(Rickets Vitamin D and calcium deficiency in children where long bones in legs particularly femur bow)

Osteosarcoma

a form of bone cancer

Cranial Bones (Paired)

• Temporal Bones

• Parietal Bones

Cranial Bones (Unpaired)

• Frontal bone

• Occipital bone

• Spehnoid bone

• Ethmoid bone

Facial Bones (Paired)

• Mandible

• Vomer

Facial Bones (Unpaired)

• Maxilla

• Zygomatic Bones

• Nasal Bones

• Lacrimal Bones

• Palatine Bones

• Inferior nasal conchae

What are the seven bones that form the eye orbit?

• Frontal bone

• Sphenoid bone

• Zygomatic bone

• Maxillary bone

• Palatine bone

• Lacrimal bone

• Ethmoid bone

Know the clinical significance of the following: Cleft palate

• Cleft palate = congenital defect where the roof of the mouth fails to fuse completely, leaving an opening between the mouth and nasal cavity. It can cause feeding difficulties, speech problems, recurrent ear infections, and dental problems.

Know the clinical significance of the following: Cleft lip

• Cleft lip = congenital defect where the tissues of the upper lip fail to fuse completely, creating a split or opening. It can cause problems with feeding, speech, and appearance.

Osteogenic cells

stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

Osteoblasts

immature cells that actively produce and secrete bone

Osteocytes

mature cells that maintain bone

Osteoclasts

• Responsible for resorption (breakdown) of bone

• Derived from a line of white blood cells

• Secrete hydrochloric acid and lysosomal enzymes