Henry VII

No one expected Henry tudor to become King of England - explain why

KEY FACTOR: NOBILITY

Successes

Prioritising men of ability

• In council Bray, Fox, Morton (lawyers and accountants)

• Prioritising men of ability locally as JPs

Acts of Attainder

• 50 at the start and 50 at the end of his reign

• Surrey had an AoA for not supporting H at Bosworth. He was rewarded with Lueitenant in the North

Bonds & Recognisances

• Marquis of Dorset

• Reversing them more

• Over half of noble families were in B&R

Number of nobility 50 - 35

Exerting feudal rights

• Making nobility pay more frequently such as for marrige or wardship, inheritance

• Act of Resumption (1486) to get back crown lands

• Using order of the Garter to reward & limiting use of patronage

Faliures

Retaining

• Lord Burgavenny fined for illegal retaining £70,000

Chose not to reduce influence

• Courtneys, Dacres, Stanleys

• Benifitted him more not to reduce their powers

Kildare

• Attempted to replace him with Poynings but this failed so had to reinstate him

• Not good as Kildare crowned Simnel in Ireland

KEY FACTOR: CLAIMANTS

Edward Earl of Warwick

• Most direct claimant for the thone

• 10 years old, not much of a threat but used as a puppet for powerful people.

• Imprisoned from 1485. However his imprisonment gave Simnel the opportunity to become a pretender

• 1499 executed for plotting with Warbeck

John De la Pole (Earl of Lincoln)

• Named heir by RIII

• Made part of the King’s council to please his family

• Fled with Lovell to Margaret’s court on its way to Ireland to support Simnel

• Killed in Battle of stoke

Edmund de la Pole (Suffolk)

• 1499 - Flees to Calais with Richard, trying to plot against the Yorkists

• 1501 - Flees again to Maximillian after being brought back

• Finally handed over in the Treaty of Windsor 1506

Richard de la Pole

• Fleeds with Edmund, is still active by the time H dies

• Last surviving Yorkist claimant

KEY FACTOR: PRETENDERS

Simnel

• 1847

• Needed Battle of stoke to get rid of him: could have easily gone the other way

Warbeck

• Caused H to make lots of international treaties

• Trade Embargo on Burgundy

• Medina Del Campo

• Treaty of Etaples

KEY FACTOR: SPAIN

— 3 key moments —

How are relations with England?

Treaties made?

Was Henry’s policies successful?

Treaty of Medina Del campo (1489)

• Marrige between C & Arthur

• Agree not to support pretenders

• Advantages for Eng trade

Issues after Isabella’s death (1504)

• Fer wants control, so does Phillip (husband to Isabella’s daughter)

• Phillip expects H support as he had Suffolk

• Ferdinand called off the marrige alliance (reluctant while W threatens H’s stability) & makes friends with France

• Tension, H debated getting a different marrige

Treaty of Windsor (1506)

• Hand over Suffolk, as long as he isn’t killed

• Acknowledge P & J as ruler of castille

• Malus Intercursus, points not enforced

• Marrige between H & Margaret of Savoy (Phillip’s sister)

Successful in marrige between C & A but goes down hill after A dies and uncertainty about who will rule Castille. H fails to secure marrige for himself but Treaty of Windsor is very successful.

KEY FACTOR BURGANDY & HRE

Who opposed H’s rule? Why?

Margaret

• Yorkist, EIV’s sis

• Suppots Simnel - harbours Lincoln & Lovell

• Margaret of Burgundy caused lots of tension as she supports W - giving mercenaries & money

Maximillian

• untrustworthy, supported W

Trade Embargo (1493-96)

• Showed how H valued security over trade

Maguns Intercursus to restore trade, B was Eng’s main trade partner

Reducing the powers of the Hanseatic league - took him a long time

KEY FACTOR: FRANCE + BRITTANY

Before reign

• Charles VIII harbours H for 14 years

• H gains support in France

• Charles VIII Sends mercanaries

Intial peace treaty with F, extended to 1489

1487 - French invade Brittany

1489

• Raises army against France to support Brittany

• Treaty of Redon to support B independance

1492 - sends an army to F

1492 - Warbeck in F

Treaty of Etaples (1492)

• Not to harbour rebels

• Pension

KEY FACTOR: SCOTLAND

• Historic tensions

• 1486 - Three year truce

• 1495 - James harboured Warbeck, he married James’s sister

• 1487 - Invasion of Eng, led to Cornish rebellion as H was trying to raise taxes

1497 - Truce of Ayton

• S wouldn’t harobur rebels

• BUT James didn’t abandon his auld alliance with F

1502 - Treaty of Perpetual Peace

• Margaret married James IV

KEY FACTOR: TRADE

Reduced the powers of the Hanseatic League

• Restored their powers to get on their side first

• Slowly reduced them

• Had to give back their powers to entice Edmund (Suffolk) away

Rebellions were the greatest challenge facing Henry’s rule 1485 - 1509. Assess the validity of this view.

R - wen’t the most serious as H actions

Rebellions - serious but H dealt with it

• Lovell & Stafford (1486) In Yrk & Midlnd (RIII supp) BUT pardon to drain support. L&S imprisoned

• Y & C Unhappy with taxation - ch as H struggles to raise funds for war

• Yorkshire (1489) Earl of N killed (supp at BoB)

• Cornish (1497) Most serious threat, went to blackheath,

• BUT H actions minimised the ch:

• C - leaders executed, fines for all involved

• Y - made Surrey L in N.

Pretenders - H usurper =need to secure dynasty. They gave a figurehead for rebellions

• Simnel (1847) Warwick, serious battle of Stoke.

• Warbeck (1490s) challenging due to f.p - Margaret & trade ban, gave power to the Scottish to launch a rade (this led to the Cornish rebelion)

• W gains support from Stanley, trade embargo

Claimants

• Ed (Warwick) next strongest claim to the throne. imprisoned in T of L this gave the opp to Simnel to pretend to be him executed 1499. Not much of a threat as he was 10 but was a puppet for powerful people

• John de la pole, supported Warwick. Named heir by RIII. invited into royal council but flees

• Richard &Edmund last surviving heirs

• (Suffolk) handed over in treaty of Windsor (1506)

Foriegn relations (see doc for details)

• Brittany

• Spain - Catherine of Aragon

• France

• Scotland

• Burgundy - trade ban

‘In the years 1485 – 1499 Henry successfully secured his position on the English throne. ‘ Assess the validity of this view.

YES - Dealing with Claimants/Pretenders

YES & NO- Dealing with Nobility

YES & NO- f.p

• Spain - Sec through marrige alliance with Cath but Arthur died. Isabella’s death caused conflict between her husband and daughter over who would rule Castile . This led to tense Eng/Sp relations - Fer made an alliance with Fr

• Burgundy- trade ban due to Marg supporting Warbeck, but Magnus Intercursus

Henry’s success in establishing the dynasty was almost entirely due to the fact that he was a ruthless and brutal tyrant. Assess the validity of this view.

YES - dealing with reb

• Executed Warwick 1499

• Executed leaders of C rebellion

Nobility

• AoA & B&R

NO

• Rewarded loyal supporters - Earl of Oxford, Jasper Tudor

• Incentives - Order of the Garter,

• Invited JohnDLP to be on the council

• Surrey allowed to be L in the N

Rebellions in the reign of Henry VII stemmed mainly from the weakness of central government. Assess the validity of this view.

Yes - rebellions due to taxation

• taxing places that poor compated to the prosperous South East

• Social discontent led to local protests but because the crown failed to react they turned into full rebellions

• Yorkshire (1489) EoN was killed, resented being taxed and governed by southerners, rebellion in the North as they felt it was nothing to do with them

• Cornish (1497) serious, taxes to resists Warbecks invasion again they felt it was nothing to do with them,

Yes - key people

• Stanley - invited into Henry’s council

• Lincoln - invited into Henry’s council

No - Resisitence of Henry VII

‘Henry VII successfully achieved his aims in foreign policy 1485 – 1509.’  Assess the validity of this view.

YES but he did have to compromise trade at points to ensure security

SECURITY

• Trade ban on Burgundy

WEALTH

• Trade ban on Burgundy

• Magnus Intercursus

• Malus Intercursus

• Increase cloth trade by 60%

INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION/ MARRIGE

Fer wants control, so does Phillip (husband to Isabella’s daughter)

Phillip expects H support as he had Suffolk

Ferdinand called off the marrige alliance (reluctant while W threatens H’s stability) & makes friends with France

Tension, H debated getting a different marrige

1. Henry’s consolidation of power during his reign was the result of his own personal strengths. Assess the validity of this view. - Written

Henry’s consolidation of power was mostly due this his own personal strengths as a capable ruler who created a good balance of punishments and rewards to ensure loyalty. He was finacially capable and was able to make deals with foreign powers to increase his presitige. However, he also knew when to use other people to benefit him - able concillors and foriegn powers.

PARA 1: Personal strengths - Political shrewdness & asserting feudal rights

• Predating reign, crowned before marrige & parliament met, rewarding loyal supporters (Earl of Oxford & Jasper Tudor put in King’s council)

• BALANCE: he still relied on these people helping him before and during his reign

• Control over nobility - appointing men of ability to help him, HE passed AoA - reversing some of them (Surrey) B&R (Marquis of Dorset fined £1,000)

• BALANCE: Asserting feudal rights through the Council Learned (empson and dudley) and Star Chamber although he set these up

PARA 2: Financial aptitude

• Exchequer system, customs duties, trade benefits, pensions from France

• HOWEVER: Rebellions caused by taxation, trade embargo

PARA 3: FOREIGN POLICY

• Avoids expensive wars

• Marrige alliances

• Strengths as a diplomat underpinned his conduct of f.p

• Treaty of Medina Del Campo (1489)

• Truce of Ayton (1497)