BIOCHEMICAL ENERGY PRODUCTION

catabolism and anabolism

2 types of metabolic process

catabolism

the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. Energy is generally released during catabolism.

anabolism

is the synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones. Energy is generally absorbed during anabolism.

metabolic pathway

The conversion of a starting material to a final product occurs by an organized series of consecutive reactions called a

linear, cyclic

A metabolic pathway may be ———or——-

linear pathway

is a series of reactions that generates a final product different from any of the reactants.

cyclic pathway

is a series of reactions that regenerates the first reactant.

energy

The human body needs———to move, think, talk, laugh, and breathe. It also requires energy to maintain a constant temperature and to synthesize new cells and tissues.

DNA in chromosome

A typical animal cell is surrounded by a cell membrane and has a nucleus that contains

cytoplasm

the region of the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus, contains various specialized structures called organelles, each of which has a specific function.

mitochondria

are small sausage-shaped organelles in which energy production takes place. —— contain an outer membrane and an inner membrane with many folds.

matrix

Energy production occurs within the ——-the area

surrounded by the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

outer membrane

Permeable to small molecules: 50% lipids, 50% protein

inner membrane

Highly impermeable to most substance: 20% lipids, 80% protein

inner membrane

Synthesis of ATP occurs on the

hydrolysis

• ATP and ADP molecules readily undergo ————reactions in which phosphate groups (Pi, inorganic phosphate) are released.

typical cellular reaction

which ATP functions as both a source of a phosphate group and a source of energy is the conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate, a reaction that is the first step in the process of glycolysis

coenzyme

required in numerous metabolic redox reactions

FAD

is oxidized form

FADH2

is reduced form

hypoglycemia

condition resulting from a lower than the normal blood-sugar level (below 70 mg/100 ml)

insulin,glucagon,epinephrine

Three major hormones control carbohydrate metabolism:

insulin

promotes utilization of glucose by cells

glucagon

• 29 amino acid peptide hormone produced in the pancreas
  Released when blood glucose levels are low

• •Principal function is to increase blood-glucose concentration by speeding up the conversion of glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis) in the liver

epinephrine

Released by the adrenal glands in response to anger, excitement Function is similar to glucagon, i.e., stimulates glycogenolysis

glycogenesis

• the pathway that converts glucose into glycogen.

glycogenolysis

is the pathway that hydrolyzes glycogen to glucose.